Over the years, the pediatric cancer patient's survival rate has dramatically extended, changing the role of the nurse from one of supporting families with a dying child in an acute setting to one of facilitating adaptation of families to long term care, often in home settings. The purpose of this study was to examine available research on the topic of family adaptation and home health care of the pediatric cancer patient. The method used for the purpose of this study was a review and synthesis of literature published on the topic from 1981 to 1999. This information was discussed and also summarized in 6 tables. Research reviewed provided information regarding the following questions which guided this study: 1. What is the process of family and individual adaptation to pediatric cancer? 2. How is home health care utilized with the pediatric cancer patient? 3. Does home health care better facilitate adaptation than traditional inpatient settings? 4. What is the cost of home health care compared to the cost of traditional management of pediatric cancer? Findings indicate that families adapt in unison and individually by changing their future orientation, coping with events that may cause anxiety and depression, reorganizing roles, managing the flow of information and the therapeutic regimen, evaluating and shifting priorities, and attempting to continue with life as "normal" as possible. Home health care was shown to be a growing field which offers technologically advanced care to the pediatric cancer patient in their home. In addition, findings show that the home is possibly a better setting for the family's psychosocial adaptation than in the hospital. Finally, home health care has been shown to be more cost effective than the inpatient care setting.

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Background Radiological examination is a common diagnostic practice in modern medicine, they are not uncommonly performed during pregnancy or childhood. The potential biological effects of radiation to both the developing fetus and children are not always clear and remained controversial over many years. Physicians who care for these patients always find it difficult to evaluate the risk, and have misconceptions regarding the use of ionized radiation in pregnancy and children, which may delay the management process. Objective This study has reviewed all recent published observational studies, and analyse any possible association of prenatal or postnatal X-ray exposure from diagnostic imaging and childhood cancer risk. Methods Eligible epidemiological studies published between January 2000 and June 2013 were reviewed. These studies were found through electronic searches using Medline, PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Database. Predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to the identified articles Results Twenty-five articles with fourteen million participants were recruited. 17 out of 25 were case-control studies and 8 were cohort studies. All studies tried to prove an association between X-ray or CT scan exposure, and cancer of the haematopoietic system, brain and soft tissue regions. Results were summarized separately for their study methods, mode of radiation exposure and for each cancer outcome. The quality of the articles was accessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. The overall OR estimate from case-control studies showed postnatal X-ray exposure positively and significantly associated with leukaemia risk (OR 1.21; 95% CI: 1.10-1.32; I2 = 3%). Cancer risk other than leukaemia are lacking in case-control studies. Recent cohort studies also showed a small but significant increase risk of leukaemia and brain tumour from childhood CT scan exposure. Conclusion This analysis had shown a small but significant increase cancer risk from X-ray or CT scans exposure in postnatal period. Varies measures should be used to minimize the radiation dose in children during radiation exposure. As long as the radiological imaging is clinically indicated and performed using appropriate scanning protocol, the benefits of radiological imaging should far outweigh the small radiation risk. / published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

Thesis (Ph.D.) --University of Adelaide, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Discipline of Paediatrics, 2006. / "October 2005" Bibliography: leaves 237-324. Also available in print form.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 174-211) Also available in print.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--School of Nursing. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2005. / "A dissertation in nursing." Advisor: Peggy Ward-Smith. Typescript. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed June 26, 2006. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 142-147). Online version of the print edition.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Texas, Aug., 2007. / Title from title page display. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 222-243). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

published_or_final_version / Medical Sciences / Master / Master of Medical Sciences

Thesis (M.P.H.)--Georgia State University, 2008. / Title from file title page. Russ Toal, committee chair; Karen Wasilewski-Masker, committee member. Description based on contents viewed July 7, 2009. Includes bibliographical references (p. 68-72).