Aim. The aim of this study was to synthesize and characterize novel analogues of [DACH-Pt-DMC] by using different stereoisomers of DACH; and to investigate any differences in in vitro activity of these complexes in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cell lines and acquired cisplatin or oxaliplatin resistant sub-lines, and to compare that of oxaliplatin and other established Pt-based anticancer agents. Mechanistic roles of DACH-Pt- and DMC components of the TCM-Pt complexes on affecting HCT 116 human CRC cell line were investigated by flow cytometry, COMET assay and cDNA microarray analysis. / Background. Demethylcantharidin (DMC), a modified component of the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), integrated with a platinum (Pt) moiety created a series of TCM-Pt complexes [Pt(C8H8O 5)(NH2R)2] 1-5 which demonstrated superior antitumor activity and circumvention of cisplatin resistance in vitro. Compound 5, derived from the 1,2-diaminocyclohexane (DACH) ligand (where R=trans-C6H10) had the most potent antitumor activity and closest structural resemblance to oxaliplatin (R,R-DACH-Pt complex) which is the first Pt-based anticancer drug to demonstrate convincing clinical activity against colorectal cancer and has a mechanism of action and resistance that is clearly different from that of cisplatin and carboplatin. / Conclusion. This study is the first to examine the mechanism of anticancer activity of new complexes that integrate DMC with different isomers of DACH. It has shown that both DACH-Pt- and DMC components contribute significantly to the compounds' potent anticancer activity, but likely with different mechanisms of action. The DACH-Pt- component appears to dictate the cell cycle distribution, whereas the DMC component appears to enhance cytotoxicity by inducing more DNA damage in HCT 116 colorectal cancer cells. / Methods. DMC was reacted with appropriate DACH-Pt-(NO3) 2 intermediates, which were prepared from treatment of K2PtCl 4 with stereoisomeric DACH (RR-, SS- & cis-), followed by reaction with silver nitrate. Proton NMR, high-resolution MS, polarimetry and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy were used to characterize their chemical structures and optical activities. In vitro antitumor activity (IC50 of 72hr drug exposure time) were assessed by a standard MTT assay. Cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry was determined at 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 48 and 72 h after drug treatment (cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, DMC, compound 1 or trans-DACH-Pt-DMC analogues) at IC50 and 5 x IC50 concentrations with three to four replicates. Comet assay was performed with a fluorescent microscope and used to examine DNA damage after drug treatments (50muM of cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, DMC, compound 1 or R,R-DACH-Pt-DMC) for 3hr. cDNA microarray was performed on Affymetrix Human Genome U133A Set and used to analyze gene expression profiles in HCT 116 exposed to trans-(+/-)-DACH-Pt-DMC or oxaliplatin at their IC50 for 72hr. / Results. The in vitro results showed that the trans-analogues were consistently the most potent amongst all the compounds tested in both HCC and CRC cell lines: the trans-(+)(1R,2R)-DACH-Pt-DMC complex, in particular, was the most effective stereoisomer. All of the stereoisomeric DACH-Pt-DMC complexes and oxaliplatin were apparently able to circumvent cisplatin resistance in Huh-7 and SK-Hep1 sub-lines, but cross resistant with oxaliplatin in HCT 116 oxaliplatin resistant sub-line. Flow cytometric analysis revealed the novel trans-DACH-Pt-DMC analogues and oxaliplatin behaved similarly: that is, the compounds at 5 x IC50 concentrations all caused a significant decrease in the S-phase population within 18h and at the same time induced G2/M arrest, and without obvious sub-G 1 phase accumulation, but distinct from that of cisplatin, carboplatin or DMC. Comet assay showed that trans-(+)-(1R,2 R)-DACH-Pt-DMC caused the most significant DNA damage at an equivalent molar concentration. Microarray analysis suggested that the mechanistic role of the DMC ligand can induce the cell cycle to accelerate from the G 1 to S-phase and cause M-phase arrest. / Yu Chun Wing. / "July 2006." / Advisers: Yee-ping Ho; Chik Fun Steve Au-Yeung. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-03, Section: B, page: 1586. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 191-232). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Ng, Po Yan. / Thesis submitted in: November 2006. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 109-120). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgement --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / 摘要 --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.iv / List of Figures --- p.viii / List of Tables --- p.xi / List of Abbreviation --- p.xii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- A General Introduction to the Development and Clinical Activities of Platinum Drugs --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Platinum Drugs used in a Clinical Setting --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Platinum Drugs under Clinical Trials --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Platinum Compounds with Dual Mechanisms --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2 --- Platinum Drug Antitumor Mechanism --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3 --- Limitations of Platinum Drugs --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Toxicity --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Drug Resistance or Cross Resistance --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.2.1 --- Reduced Drug Accumulation or Increased Drug Efflux --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.2.2 --- Drug Inactivation --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.2.3 --- Enhanced DNA Repair --- p.19 / Chapter 1.4 --- Why Combinational Therapy? --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Antimetabolites --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Topoisomerase Inhibitors --- p.22 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Tubulin-Active Antimitotic Agents --- p.24 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Demethylcantharidin as a potential candidate for drug combination --- p.28 / Chapter 1.5 --- Study Objectives --- p.31 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 2.1 --- Cell Lines --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2 --- Cancer Cell Preparation / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Chemicals and Reagents --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Cell Culture Practice --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Subcultures --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Cryopreservation --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- Thawing Cryopreservated Cells --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Development of Drug-Resistant Cell Lines --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3 --- Growth Inhibition Assay / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Evaluation of Cytotoxicity in vitro --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Drug Pretreatment --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Drug Pre-sensitization with Concurrent Treatment --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4 --- Calculations for Drug Combinations --- p.46 / Chapter 2.5 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.49 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Results and Discussions / Chapter 3.1 --- In vitro Cytotoxicity and Evaluation of Drug Resistance --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2 --- Role of Leaving Ligand in a Platinum Complex --- p.58 / Chapter 3.3 --- Priority in Selecting the Most Effective Drug Combination --- p.66 / Chapter 3.4 --- Drug Combination Studies / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Drug Combination Prescreening --- p.68 / Chapter 3.4.1.1 --- Comparison of the effectiveness of the three Drug Combinations --- p.72 / Chapter 3.4.1.2 --- Rationale for Drug Combination Studies presented in Section 3.4.2 & 3.4.3 --- p.73 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Drug Pre-sensitization Studies in Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines --- p.74 / Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- Comparison of Drug Pre-sensitization Treatment in Sensitive Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines --- p.84 / Chapter 3.4.2.2 --- Comparison of Drug Pre-sensitization Treatment in Sensitive and Oxaliplatin Resistant HCT116 Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines --- p.87 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Drug Pre-sensitization Studies in Liver Cancer Cell Lines --- p.89 / Chapter 3.4.3.1 --- Comparison of Drug Pre-sensitization Treatment in Sensitive Liver Cancer Cell Lines --- p.99 / Chapter 3.4.3.2 --- Comparison of Drug Pre-sensitization Treatment in Sensitive and Cisplatin Resistant SK-Hepl Liver Cancer Cell Line --- p.101 / Chapter 3.5 --- Possible Explanation to the Observed Drug Combination Effect --- p.103 / Chapter 3.6 --- General Protocols for Drug Combinations --- p.105 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Conclusions / Reference --- p.109 / Appendices --- p.121 / Chapter I a. --- "Raw Data of Pre-screening for HCT116 (Cisplatin, [Pt(DMC)(NH3)2] and Pt(DMC)(NH2CH3)2])" --- p.122 / Chapter I b. --- "Raw Data of Pre-screening for HCT116 ([Pt(DMC)(R,R-DACH)] and Oxaliplatin)" --- p.123 / Chapter II a. --- "Raw Data of Pre-screening for SK-Hepl (Cisplatin, [Pt(DMC)(NH3)2] and Pt(DMC)(NH2CH3)2])" --- p.124 / Chapter II b. --- "Raw Data of Pre-screening for SK-Hepl ([Pt(DMC)(R,R-DACH)] and Oxaliplatin)" --- p.125 / Chapter III a. i) --- "Isobolograms for HCT116 (Cisplatin, [Pt(DMC)(NH3)2] and Pt(DMC)(NH2CH3)2])" --- p.126 / Chapter III a. ii) --- "Raw Data for HCT116 (Cisplatin, [Pt(DMC)(NH3)2] and Pt(DMC)(NH2CH3)2])" --- p.127 / Chapter III b. i) --- "Isobolograms for HCT116 ([Pt(DMC)(R,R-DACH)] and Oxaliplatin)" --- p.128 / Chapter III b. ii) --- "Raw Data for HCT116 ([Pt(DMC)(R,R-DACH)] and Oxaliplatin)" --- p.129 / Chapter IV a. i) --- "Isobolograms for HCT1160xaR (Cisplatin, [Pt(DMC)(NH3)2] and Pt(DMC)(NH2CH3)2])" --- p.130 / Chapter IV a. ii) --- "Raw Data for HCT1160xaR (Cisplatin, [Pt(DMC)(NH3)2] and Pt(DMC)(NH2CH3)2])" --- p.131 / Chapter IV b. i) --- "Isobolograms for HCT1160xaR ([Pt(DMC)(R,R-DACH)] and Oxaliplatin)" --- p.132 / Chapter IV b. ii) --- "Raw Data for HCT1160xaR ([Pt(DMC)(R,R-DACH)] and Oxaliplatin)" --- p.133 / Chapter V a. i) --- "Isobolograms for HT29 (Cisplatin, [Pt(DMC)(NH3)2] and Pt(DMC)(NH2CH3)2])" --- p.134 / Chapter V a. ii) --- "Raw Data for HT29 (Cisplatin, [Pt(DMC)(NH3)2] and Pt(DMC)(NH2CH3)2])" --- p.135 / Chapter V b. i) --- "Isobolograms for HT29 ([Pt(DMC)(R,R-DACH)] and Oxaliplatin)" --- p.136 / Chapter V b. ii) --- "Raw Data for HT29 ([Pt(DMC)(R,R-DACH)] and Oxaliplatin)" --- p.137 / Chapter VI a. i) --- Isobolograms for Hep G2 (Cisplatin and [Pt(DMC)(NH3)2]) --- p.138 / Chapter VI a. ii) --- Raw Data for Hep G2 (Cisplatin and [Pt(DMC)(NH3)2]) --- p.139 / Chapter VI b. i) --- "Isobolograms for Hep G2 ([Pt(DMC)(R,R-DACH)] and Oxaliplatin)" --- p.140 / Chapter VI b. ii) --- "Raw Data for Hep G2 ([Pt(DMC)(R,R-DACH)] and Oxaliplatin)" --- p.141 / Chapter VII a. i) --- "isobolograms for SK Hep 1 (Cisplatin, [Pt(DMC)(NH3)2] and Pt(DMC)(NH2CH3)2])" --- p.142 / Chapter VII a. ii) --- "Raw Data for SK Hep 1 (Cisplatin, [Pt(DMC)(NH3)2] and Pt(DMC)(NH2CH3)2])" --- p.143 / Chapter VII b.i) --- "Isobolograms for SK Hep 1 ([Pt(DMC)(R,R-DACH)] and Oxaliplatin)" --- p.144 / Chapter VII b. ii) --- "Raw Data for SK Hep 1 ([Pt(DMC)(R,R-DACH)] and Oxaliplatin)" --- p.145 / Chapter VIII a. i) --- "Isobolograms for SK Hep ICisR (Cisplatin, [Pt(DMC)(NH3)2] and Pt(DMC)(NH2CH3)2])" --- p.146 / Chapter VIII a. ii) --- "Raw Data for SK Hep ICisR (Cisplatin, [Pt(DMC)(NH3)2] and Pt(DMC)(NH2CH3)2])" --- p.147 / Chapter VIII b. i) --- "Isobolograms for SK Hep ICisR ([Pt(DMC)(R,R-DACH)] and Oxaliplatin)" --- p.148 / Chapter VIII b. ii) --- "Raw Data for SK Hep ICisR ([Pt(DMC)(R,R-DACH)] and Oxaliplatin)" --- p.149