Inaug.-Diss.--Bonn. / Vita.

Capparis spinosa is a wild and cultivated bush, which grows mainly in the Mediterranean Basin. Unopened flower buds, called capers are used in the Mediterranean cuisine as flavoring for meat, vegetable and other foods. Several studies evaluated bioactive component and antioxidant activity of Capparis spinosa, increasing the market demand and the economic importance of capers. The aim of this work was to evaluate the contents of bioactive compounds in floral buds fermented in salt of C. spinosa collected from different areas of Pantelleria Island (Italy), testing the effect on healthy function as total antioxidant compounds. Hydrophilic extracts of C. spinosa from Pantelleria Island were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry. Among 24 compounds were detected and quantified by HPLC-MS technique: several Kaempherol and Quercetin derivate were characterized, based on UV spectra and MSn fragmentation pattern. The antioxidative activity of caper hydrophilic extracts was assessed in a number of chemical assays (ORAC, DPPH and ABTS). In order to determine the genetic diversity within and among populations of Capparis spinosa from Pantelleria Island, AFLPs (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) markers were employed. Moreover, in the present study, a commercial model of an Electronic Nose (EN), EOS835 (Sacmi), was preliminarily used to investigate the flavor profile of capers. The EN technique was comparated with a classical techniques gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, using Head Space Solid-Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME) as a solvent-free sample preparation method. / Capparis spinosa es un arbusto silvestre y cultivado, que crece principalmente en la cuenca mediterránea. Cuando los botones de las flores aún no están abiertas reciben el nombre de alcaparras y se utilizan en la alimentación. Varios estudios han demostrado la presencia de un número de componentes bioactivos in C. spinosa y su actividad antioxidante, lo que ha provocado un aumento de su demanda y ha incrementado la importancia económica de las alcaparras. El propósito de este trabajo fue evaluar el contenido de compuestos bioactivos en el capullo de la flor de C. spinosa conservado en salmuera, procedente de diferentes zonas de la isla de Pantelleria (Italia). Los resultados se expresan como actividad antioxidante total. La actividad antioxidante de los extractos hidrófilos de alcaparra se evaluó mediante pruebas químicas (ORAC, DPPH, ABTS). Con el fin de determinar la diversidad genética dentro y entre poblaciones de C. Spinosa, se utilizaron marcadores moleculares del tipo AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism). Los extractos hidrófilos de C. spinosa se caracterizaron mediante cromatografía líquida de alta eficacia - ionización electrospray acoplada a espectrometría de masas. Se han identificado y cuantificado aproximadamente 24 compuestos con la técnica de HPLC-MS, y se han caracterizado varios derivados de kaempferol y quercetina, sobre la base de los espectros UV y con el modelo de fragmentación MSn. En el este estudio también se ha utilizado un modelo de nariz electrónica comercial (ES), EOS835 (Sacmi), para un estudio preliminar del perfil de aroma de las alcaparras. La técnica ES se ha comparado con una técnica de análisis clásicos tales como la cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GC-MS), utilizando como método de preparación de la muestra el espacio de cabeza de microextracción en fase sólida (HS-SPME) libre de disolventes. / Capparis spinosa és un arbust silvestre i conreat, que creix principalment a la conca mediterrània. Quan els botons de les flors encara no estan obertes reben el nom de tàperes i s'utilitzen en l'alimentació. Diversos estudis han demostrat la presència d'un nombre de components bioactius in C. spinosa i la seva activitat antioxidant, el que ha provocat un augment de la seva demanda i ha incrementat la importància econòmica de les tàperes. El propòsit d'aquest treball va ser avaluar el contingut de compostos bioactius en el capoll de la flor de C. spinosa conservat en salmorra, procedent de diferents zones de l'illa de Pantelleria (Itàlia). Els resultats s'expressen com a activitat antioxidant total. L'activitat antioxidant dels extractes hidròfils de tàperes es va avaluar mitjançant proves químiques (ORAC, DPPH, ABTS). Per tal de determinar la diversitat genètica dins i entre poblacions de C. Spinosa, es van utilitzar marcadors moleculars del tipus AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism). Els extractes hidròfils de C. spinosa es van caracteritzar mitjançant cromatografia líquida d'alta eficàcia - ionització electrospray acoblada a espectrometria de masses. S'han identificat i quantificat aproximadament 24 compostos amb la tècnica d'HPLC-MS, i s'han caracteritzat diversos derivats de kaempferol i quercetina, sobre la base dels espectres UV i amb el model de fragmentació MSN. Al aquest estudi també s'ha utilitzat un model de nas electrònic comercial (ES), EOS835 (Sacmi), per a un estudi preliminar del perfil d'aroma de les tàperes. La tècnica ÉS s'ha acoblat amb una tècnica d'anàlisi clàssics com ara la cromatografia de gasos acoblada a espectrometria de masses (GC-MS), utilitzant com a mètode de preparació de la mostra l'espai de cap de microextracció en fase sòlida (HS-SPME ) lliure de dissolvents. / Lo Bosco, F. (2017). Evaluation of antioxidant properties and assessment of genetic diversity of Capparis spinosa cultivated in Pantelleria Island [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/79872 / TESIS

En deux parties distinctes mais complémentaires, ce travail se présente comme le parallèle dans le domaine grammatical des recherches menées sur l’archaïsme dans la rhétorique et la littérature latines. Nous analysons tout d’abord la manière dont les grammairiens latins, de Varron à Priscien, considèrent ce phénomène, dans le cadre de la définition de la langue latine correcte (Latinitas). Les questions du recours aux archaïsmes dans l’usage et de l’autorité des auteurs littéraires anciens, telles que l’on peut les retrouver dans les textes du corpus des grammatici Latini, sont au centre de notre étude. Nous proposons ensuite pour la première fois une édition avec traduction et commentaire critique des fragments de Flavius Caper, grammairien de la fin du IIe siècle après J.-C. : cette époque marquant la diffusion d’une mouvance stylistique et littéraire archaïsante, l’examen du point de vue d’un grammairien sur la langue latine contemporaine se révèle primordial pour comprendre l’évolution de la pensée linguistique antique. L'édition des fragments du De Latinitate et du De dubiis generibus de Caper nous donne par ailleurs l'occasion de réfléchir aux problèmes des sources et de la transmission des textes, aussi bien grammaticaux que littéraires, ainsi que d'effectuer un commentaire analytique sur un auteur à tort négligé et qui, par sa réception, a joué un rôle de premier plan dans la tradition artigraphique tardo-antique. / Organised in two complementary parts, the present research follows up, in the grammatical tradition, on other studies led on archaism in the fields of Latin rhetoric and literature. The first part deals with the way in which Latin grammarians, from Varro to Priscian, apprehend the notion of archaism, within the definition of what they consider to be the correct Latin language (Latinitas). The study is focused on both the main issues of the use of archaisms in the current usage, and the ancient poets’ and prose writers’ authority, as noticeable in the grammatici Latini corpus. In the second part, an edition of Flavius Caper’s grammatical fragments, with a French translation and critical commentary, is proposed for the first time. Caper is a scholar of the end of the 2nd century AD, an era especially known for the diffusion in the literary circles of an archaizing stylistic tendency. Consequently, examining the point of view of a grammarian on the linguistic usage of his time appears crucial to understanding the evolution of linguistic thought in Antiquity. The edition of Caper’s fragmentary De Latinitate and De dubiis generibus gives us the opportunity to reflect upon sources and transmission of grammatical and literary texts. Finally, the comments made on the work of a still unrecognised scholar should highlight the importance of his treatises in the late antique grammatical tradition.

The main objective of this study was to extract phenolic compounds from caper and oleaster by using microwave. The effects of microwave power (400 and 700 W), extraction time (5-20 min), solid to solvent ratio (1:10, 1:20 and 1:30) and solvent type (water, ethanol and different ratios of ethanol-water mixture) on total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and concentration of the phenolic compounds in the extracts were investigated. In conventional extraction, extraction time and solvent type were used as independent variables. Microwave extraction was compared with conventional extraction. In caper and oleaster extracts that were obtained by using microwave, total phenolic compounds ranged between 5.0-52.4 and 2.6-43.0 mg GAE/g dry material while the antioxidant activity were between 0.5-2.0 and 0.2-3.7 mg DPPH/g dry material, respectively. Higher total phenolic content was observed with increasing solvent amount. The highest total phenolic content was obtained when 50% ethanol-water mixture was used as solvent. Microwave power did not affect total phenolic content significantly. The highest total phenolic contents were obtained when 400 W microwave power, 50% ethanol-water mixture and solid to solvent ratio of 1:30 were used in the extraction from both caper and oleaster. The best extraction time for caper was 5 min while it was 15 min for oleaster. The main constituents were rutin and kaempferol for both caper and oleaster extracts. For caper and oleaster there was no difference between extraction methods in terms of concentration of phenolic compounds. However, extraction time decreased significantly by using microwave, as compared to conventional extraction.