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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

CO2 fixation : catalytic synthesis of β-hydroxycarboxylic acids

Flowers, Brendan John Scott 27 August 2008 (has links)
Although carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas is a serious environmental concern, it remains a valuable C1 source if viable methods are available for its conversion into useful products. Herein, we present recent progress in the synthesis of aliphatic, aromatic, cyclic, and bicyclic beta-ketocarboxylic acids and the promising results from subsequent asymmetric hydrogenation to give beta-hydroxycarboxylic acids. For the synthesis of the beta-ketocarboxylic acids, we investigated the effects of temperature, reaction time, and amount of 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene (DBU), which is a promoter for carbon-carbon bond formation with CO2. The highest-yielding conditions for this DBU-promoted carboxylation reaction were used to carboxylate a number of aliphatic and aromatic substrates. In order to determine whether the hydrogenation reaction will effectively compete with the in situ decarboxylation of the beta-ketocarboxylic acids, 1H NMR spectroscopy was used to monitor the rate of decarboxylation. The solvent, electronic, and steric effect on the rate of decarboxylation was investigated by testing a variety of beta-ketocarboxylic acids. Using œRuCl2{(S)-BINAP} catalyst precursor, we determined the effect that solvent, H2 pressure, base, and substrate substitution had on the enantioselectivity of the asymmetric hydrogenation. CH2Cl2 and MeOH were determined to be the best solvents because of the high hydrogenation selectivity, high enantioselectivity, and decreased reaction times. These standard conditions were used to hydrogenate the variety of aliphatic and aromatic beta-ketocarboxylic acids previously synthesized. Additional experiments, including deuterium labelling, were performed in an attempt to elucidate the hydrogenation mechanism and the actively hydrogenated tautomer. These results lead us to believe that different reaction pathways occur in protic versus aprotic solvents. The results discussed herein represent the first in depth investigation of transition metal catalyzed hydrogenation of beta-ketocarboxylic acids. These results are very encouraging because enantioselectivities greater than 99 % were achieved for multiple beta-keto acids. This synthesis is industrially advantageous due to the limited number of reactants required, their low-cost, and the potential for recycling unused materials. / Thesis (Master, Chemistry) -- Queen's University, 2008-08-26 10:17:34.703
2

Medidas do primeiro coeficiente de Townsend de ionização em misturas gasosas utilizadas em microdosimetria / Measurements of the first Townsend ionization coefficient in gaseous mixtures employed in microdosimetry

PETRI, ANNA R. 01 November 2017 (has links)
Submitted by Marco Antonio Oliveira da Silva (maosilva@ipen.br) on 2017-11-01T17:22:23Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-01T17:22:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Microdosímetros gasosos geralmente empregam uma mistura gasosa equivalente ao tecido humano mole (Tissue-equivalent Gas TEG), composta de um hidrocarboneto, dióxido de carbono e nitrogênio, de forma que o poder de freamento na mistura e no tecido sejam semelhantes. Entretanto, independentemente do hidrocarboneto adotado, dados tanto teóricos como experimentais do primeiro coeficiente de Townsend de ionização (α) nestas misturas são raros, ainda que a primeira TEG, cujo metano é o gás majoritário, tenha sido proposta em 1956 por Rossi e Failla e continue sendo amplamente utilizada. Neste trabalho, dados do parâmetro α em TEGs baseadas no metano (CH4 64,4%, CO2 32,4% e N2 3,2%) e nos isômeros do butano (C4H10 51,4%, CO2 42,3% e N2 6,3%) são apresentados pela primeira vez em geometria planar para a faixa de campo elétrico normalizado pela densidade do gás (E/N) entre 100 290 Td (1 Td = 10-21 V.m2). O método de medidas adotado baseia-se na técnica de Townsend pulsada, onde o primeiro coeficiente de Townsend pode ser determinando comparando a corrente elétrica no regime de avalanche e a corrente de ionização primária gerada pela incidência de um feixe de laser de nitrogênio em um eletrodo metálico (catodo) de uma câmara de geometria planar, sendo o anodo um eletrodo de alta resistividade (ρ=2×1010Ω.m). O aparato experimental, até então operado apenas em pressão atmosférica, foi modificado para também trabalhar em baixa pressão (120 hPa), de modo a aumentar a faixa de E/N investigada. A validação do método e das alterações do sistema de detecção foi realizada utilizando os três gases componentes das TEGs cujos parâmetros de transporte são amplamente estudados: o nitrogênio, o dióxido de carbono e o metano. Observou-se que o parâmetro na TEG com metano assemelha-se com os valores determinados para o metano puro. Na TEG baseada no isobutano, ele é compatível com o primeiro coeficiente de Townsend do dióxido de carbono para campos acima de 170 Td. Já o parâmetro na mistura com n-butano é intermediário entre os valores obtidos para o dióxido de carbono e o nitrogênio. Os resultados experimentais, disponíveis em forma tabular, foram comparados com os simulados utilizando o programa Magboltz 2, evidenciando boa concordância dentro da incerteza experimental. / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP / FAPESP: 02/04697-1; 07/50591-4; 09/51809-9
3

Sustainable Strategies for Site-Selective C−VC Bond Formations through Direct C−H Bond Functionalizations / Nachhaltige Strategien zur Selektiven C−VC Bindungsknüpfung durch C−H Bindungsfunktionalisierung

Fenner, Sabine 25 January 2012 (has links)
No description available.

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