Au Vietnam, les informations sur la contamination de la viande de volaille par les salmonelles sont presque limitées. L’étude cherche à comparer la prévalence des salmonelles entre les marchés traditionnels et les supermarchés ainsi qu’entre les carcasses fraîches et congelées en plus de mesurer la température interne au moment de l’achat. Deux cent quarante-cinq carcasses de poulets entiers ont été achetées des marchés et des supermarchés dans sept arrondissements de la ville de Hanoi au Vietnam de juin à juillet 2011. L’échantillonnage a inclu 110 carcasses fraîches de marchés traditionnels (F/M), 109 carcasses fraîches des supermarchés (F/SM) et 26 carcasses congelées des supermarchés (FZ/SM). La température intérieure des carcasses a été évalué au moment de l’achat des carcasses. Salmonella a été isolé à partir de rinçage de carcasses et les isolats ont été sérotypés. La prévalence de carcasses positives pour Salmonella était de 66,5% (163/245) et variait entre les trois catégories : 84,55% (93/110) de F/M, 59,63% (65/109) de F/SM et 19,23% (5/26) de FZ/SM (P<0.05). Pour un total de 25 sérovars détectés, le sérovar principal fut Agona (24,78%) suivi de Albany (20,43%) et enfin Corvallis (10%). Deux des sérovars repérés se retrouvaient sur les mêmes carcasses pour 66 échantillons (26,9%). La température interne des carcasses des marchés traditionnels et des supermarchés était associé une différence significative (P < 0.05) avec une température moyenne de 27,3°C et 15,8°C respectivement. Cette étude dévoile une prévalence élevée de Salmonellaspp.des carcasses de poulets à Hanoi et démontre une difficulté partagée par tous les types de marchés à maintenir une température adéquate des carcasses. / In Vietnam, the data on the prevalence of Salmonella contamination in retail chicken meat is limited. We wanted to compare that prevalence at traditional and modern supermarkets, as well as in fresh versus frozen carcasses, and to verify the inner carcass temperatures at time of purchase. A collection of 245 whole chicken carcasses were purchased from traditional markets and supermarkets, in seven urban district areas of Hanoi in June and July, 2011. Sampling plan included 110 fresh chickens from traditional markets (F/M), 109 fresh chickens from supermarkets (F/SM) and 26 frozen chickens from supermarkets (FZ/SM). The inner carcass temperature was measured at the time of purchase. Salmonella was isolated from carcass rinses and isolates were serotyped. The overall prevalence of Salmonella-positive carcasses was 66.5% (163/245). The Salmonella prevalence in the three types of chickens varied significantly, 84.55% (93/110) from F/M, 59.63% (65/109) from F/SM and 19.23% (5/26) from FZ/SM (P< 0.05). A total of 25 serovars were recovered. The predominant serovars were Agona (24.78%), Albany (20.43%) and Corvallis (10%). Two different serovars were isolated and coexisted on the same carcass in 66 samples (26.9%). The inner carcass temperatures of fresh samples from traditional markets and supermarkets were significantly different (P <0.05) with a mean inner carcass temperature of 27.3oC and 15.8oC respectively. This study revealed a high prevalence of Salmonella sp. from retail chickens in Hanoi and uncovered the difficulty encountered by all market types to store broiler chicken carcasses at a safe temperature.

L’objectif de ce travail est de développer une démarche permettant de prédire l’évolution de la charge microbienne à la surface de carcasses de porc lors d’un transport frigorifique selon les conditions opératoires (température et humidité de l’air de soufflage) et des conditions initiales (profil de température en sortie de chambre froide d’abattoir). La croissance microbienne dépendant notamment de la température et de l’activité de l’eau, il est nécessaire d’étudier les transferts de chaleur et de matière de type diffusif au sein des carcasses et de type convectif autour des carcasses. Ces derniers dépendent de la circulation d’air dans le véhicule frigorifique lorsqu’il est chargé de centaines de demi-carcasses ce qui rend la géométrie particulièrement complexe.De ce fait, ce travail fait appel à diverses disciplines : mécanique des fluides, transferts thermiques et microbiologie prévisionnelle. Le couplage de ces trois disciplines permet d’apporter des réponses scientifiques quant à la qualité sanitaire des carcasses de porc.En travaillant sur un dispositif expérimental reproduisant une semi-remorque chargée de carcasses de porc à l’échelle réduite, les écoulements d’air ont pu être caractérisés par vélocimétrie laser Doppler 2D dans deux configurations de distribution d’air (avec et sans conduits). De plus, les coefficients de transfert convectifs locaux ont pu être estimés à la surface de différentes parties des carcasses de porc et à différentes positions dans la semi-remorque à l’échelle réduite. Un schéma simplifié des écoulements d’air a été établi, il permet de localiser les « zones à risque » dans la semi-remorque chargée (faible circulation d’air et faible coefficients de transfert convectif).En se basant sur les résultats de l’étude expérimentale à l’échelle laboratoire et sur ceux récoltés au cours de vrais transports frigorifiques, la variabilité des paramètres caractérisant l’air circulant autour des carcasses a pu être estimée. Ces informations ont servi de conditions aux limites d’un modèle de transfert de chaleur et de matière (eau) au sein de la partie la plus sensible au niveau microbiologique: le jambon. Ce modèle 3D, résolu par la méthode des éléments finis, permet de prédire l’évolution de la température, de la teneur en eau et de la charge microbienne (Pseudomonas) à la surface de la partie maigre du jambon pour différents scénarios de transport frigorifique. Les résultats ont montré que si le transport commence alors que le cœur des carcasses est encore tiède (15°C au lieu de 7°C selon la réglementation actuelle) la croissance des microorganismes à la surface des carcasses de porc n’est globalement pas plus importante entre l’abattage et l’arrivée sur le site de découpe.Enfin, une étude de terrain a permis de valider les données obtenues à l’échelle du laboratoire et de réaliser une étude énergétique. Il apparait que quelle que soit le pourcentage de carcasses tièdes dans la semi-remorque, la capacité frigorifique du système de production de froid est généralement suffisante pour évacuer la chaleur des carcasses.Cette étude a permis de développer des méthodes de caractérisation des écoulements et des transferts dans une géométrie particulièrement complexe. Elle a montré l’intérêt de coupler des modèles de transfert et de microbiologie prévisionnelle. Les expérimentions à l’échelle laboratoire ont été construites en reproduisant au plus près les conditions réelles grâce à l’appui de spécialistes de la filière viande. Ainsi les carcasses modèles ont été réalisées dans des moules obtenus par impression 3D d’après des scanners X de vraies carcasses. Les résultats de cette étude sont directement utilisables par la profession et les pouvoirs publics pour l’adaptation de la réglementation des transports réfrigérés. La démarche développée pourra être adaptée pour des problèmes similaires dans des enceintes ventilées très encombrées. / The objective of this work is to develop an approach allowing to predict the evolution of the microbial load on the surface of pork carcasses during a refrigerated transport according to the operating conditions (temperature and humidity of the blowing air) and initial conditions (temperature profile at the outlet of the slaughterhouse cold room). Since microbial growth depends mainly on temperature and water activity, it is necessary to study heat and mass transfer the transfer within and around the carcasses. These phenomena depend on the circulation of air in the refrigerated vehicle loaded with hundreds of half-carcasses which makes the geometry particularly complex.Thus, this work involves various disciplines: fluid mechanics, heat transfer and predictive microbiology. The coupling of these three disciplines makes it possible to provide scientific answers as to the sanitary quality of the pork carcasses.By conducting experiments on a semitrailer loaded with pork carcasses on a reduced scale, the air flows could be characterized by 2D Doppler laser velocimetry in two air distribution configurations (with and without air ducts). In addition, local convective heat transfer coefficients could be estimated at the surface of different parts of pork carcasses and at different positions in the reduced-scale trailer. A simplified model of the airflow has been established, that makes it possible to identify the "risk zones" in the loaded semi-trailer (low air circulation and low convective transfer coefficients).Based on the results of the experimental laboratory scale study and those collected during actual refrigerated transport, the variability of the parameters characterizing the air circulating around the carcasses could be estimated. This information served as boundary conditions for a model of heat and mass (water) transfer within the most sensitive part at the microbiological level: the ham. This 3D model, solved by the finite element method, makes it possible to predict the evolution of the temperature, the water content and the microbial load (Pseudomonas) on the surface of the lean part of the ham for different scenarios. The results showed that if the transport begins while the heart of the carcasses is still warm (15°C instead of 7°C according to current regulation) the growth of microorganisms on the surface of pork carcasses is generally not more between slaughter and arrival at the cutting site.Finally, a field study validated the data obtained at the laboratory scale and carried out an energy study. It appears that whatever the percentage of warm carcasses in the semi-trailer, the cooling capacity of the cooling system is generally sufficient to evacuate the heat of the carcasses.This study has made it possible to develop a method that characterizes airflow and heat transfer methods in a particularly complex geometry. It showed the interest of coupling transfer models and predictive microbiology models. Experiments at the laboratory scale were built by reproducing the real conditions as closely as possible thanks to the support of specialists in the meat sector. Thus the model carcasses were made in molds obtained by 3D printing from X-Ray scanners of real carcasses. The results of this study are directly usable by the profession and the public authorities for the adaptation of the refrigerated transport regulations. The approach developed may be adapted for similar problems in very congested ventilated enclosures.

Typescripe (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Orientador: Lúcia Galvão de Albuquerque / Coorientador: Fernando Sebástian Baldi Rey / Banca: Danísio Prado Munari / Banca: Simone Cristina Méo Niciura / Resumo: A carne produzida no Brasil a partir de raças zebuínas possui características organolépticas que não são bem aceitas nos mercados mais exigentes. As características de carcaça e da carne, como a maciez e a espessura de gordura subcutânea podem garantir qualidade e uniformidade na produção de carne bovina, porém o melhoramento genético para essas características não tem sido praticado. Os objetivos deste estudo foram analisar o desequilíbrio de ligação entre os polimorfismos de base única (SNPs), e estudar a associação destes com a maciez da carne e espessura de gordura subcutânea no genoma de bovinos da raça Nelore utilizando um painel de SNPs de alta densidade. Foram utilizados 795 machos da raça Nelore nascidos em 2008 e 2009 e pertencentes a três programas de melhoramento genético. Um total de 117 grupos de contemporâneos foi formado, constituídos por ano de nascimento, fazenda, grupos de manejo ao nascimento, grupos de manejo à desmama e ao sobreano. Os animais foram genotipados utilizando o Illumina High-Density Bovine BeadChip com 777.962 marcadores SNPs. O DNA genômico foi extraído utilizando amostras de cinco gramas de tecido muscular retirados do Longissimus dorsi de cada animal. Foram excluídos SNPs que apresentaram MAF (alelo de menor frequência) inferior a 0,05 e Call Rate menor que 0,93, totalizando 446.986 SNPs. Os fenótipos para maciez da carne foram obtidos utilizando um equipamento de análise de textura equipado com uma sonda Warner Bratzler em amostras de 2,54 cm retiradas entre a 12ª e 13ª costelas da meiacarcaça esquerda. Na mesma amostra foi mensurada a espessura de gordura subcutânea com paquímetro, medindo a camada de gordura localizada a um ângulo de 45º a partir do centro geométrico. As análises de associação foram realizadas considerando apenas um marcador por vez... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The meat produced in Brazil from Zebu breeds has organoleptic characteristics that are not well accepted in the most demanding markets. Carcass and meat traits, like tenderness and fat thickness, can ensure quality and uniformity in beef production, but genetic improvement for these traits has not been practiced. The objective of this study was analyze the linkage disequilibrium between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and to study their association with the tenderness of meat and fat thickness in the genome of Nellore cattle using a panel of highdensity SNPs. Data from 795 Nellore cattle born in 2008 and 2009 and belonging to three breeding programs were used. A total of 117 contemporary groups were formed, constituted of year of birth, farm, management groups at birth, management groups at weaning and yearling. The animals were genotyped using Illumina High- Density Bovine BeadChip with 777,962 SNP markers. Genomic DNA was extracted with samples from five grams of tissue taken from the Longissimus dorsi muscle of each animal. SNPs that had MAF less than 0.05 and Call Rate less than 0.93 were excluded, totaling 446,986 SNPs. The phenotypes for meat tenderness were obtained using a texture analysis equipment equipped with a Warner Bratzler probe in samples of 2.54 cm taken between the 12th and 13th ribs of the left half carcass. On the same sample, it was measured the thickness of subcutaneous fat with caliper rule, measuring the fat located at an angle of 45° from the geometric center. The association analysis was performed considering only one marker at a time. The fixed effects in the model were SNP marker, contemporary group, date of slaughter and slaughter age as covariate. To estimate the effect of each SNP over the traits, the SNP marker was included as a covariate (linear effect). The average linkage disequilibrium (r²)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Lúcia Galvão de Albuquerque / Coorientador: Fernando Sebástian Baldi Rey / Banca: Danísio Prado Munari / Banca: Maria Eugênia Zerlotti Mercadante / Resumo: Objetivou-se com este trabalho estimar as associações genéticas e fenotípicas entre as características de crescimento e as características da carcaça e carne em animais da raça Nelore. Foram utilizados registros de 241.416, 126.596, 78.687 e 90.720 animais machos e fêmeas, respectivamente para peso à desmama (PD), peso ao sobreano (PS), ganho em peso da desmama ao sobreano (GS), altura da garupa ao sobreano (ALTS) e para as características de carcaça e carne foram utilizados 877 animais machos para peso da carcaça quente e 884 para área de olho de lombo, espessura de gordura subcutânea, índice de marmorização e maciez. Os componentes de (co)variância foram estimados pelo método de máxima verossimilhança restrita. Para a estimação dos componentes de (co)variância foram utilizados modelos animal tricaracterísticas, sempre incluindo o PD. Para PD foram incluídos no modelo os efeitos aleatórios genéticos aditivos, direto e materno, ambiente permanente materno e residual, e os efeitos fixos de grupo de contemporâneos (GC) e idades da vaca ao parto (IVP) e do animal (efeito linear e quadrático), como covariáveis. Para as demais características foram excluídos os efeitos maternos (genéticos e de ambiente permanente) e o efeito idade da vaca ao parto. Os GC para PD foram formados por fazenda, ano de nascimento, grupo de manejo à desmama e sexo. Para PS, GS e ATLS foi acrescentado ao GC o grupo de manejo ao sobreano. Para as características de carcaça e carne os GC foram definidos da mesma forma que para as outras características medidas ao sobreano, excluindo o sexo do animal. Para todas as características foram excluídas observações com medidas de três desvios-padrão acima ou abaixo da média do seu GC. Para as características de crescimento o GC com menos de 10 animais foram excluídos. Para as características de carcaça e carne foram mantidos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of this study was estimate genetic parameters for growth traits and carcass and meat traits in Nellore. Data from 241.416, 126.596, 78.687, 90.720 males and females, respectively, respectively, for weaning weight (WW), yearling weight (YW), gain from weaning to yearling (GWY), yearling hip height (YHH) and, for carcass and meat traits, only males animals, 877 for hot carcass weight (HCW), and 884 for longissimus muscle area (LMA), backfat thickness (BF), marbling (MAR) and shear force (SF) were used. The (co)variance components were estimated by restricted maximum likelihood. For estimation of (co)variance, three-trait animal models were apllied, always including WW in the analyses. For WW, it included in model the random direct and maternal additive genetic effects, maternal permanent environmental and residual effects, fixed effects of contemporany group and age of animal and age of dam at calving (linear and quadratic effect) as covariates. For the others traits, maternal effects (genetic and permanent environmental) and the effect of age of dam at calving were excluded. The contemporany group for WW were formed by farm, year of birth, weaning management group and sex. For YW, GWY, YHH it was added the management group at yearling. For carcass and meat traits the contemporany groups were defined similarly for the traits measured yearling, excluding the sex of the animal. For all traits observations with measurements of three standard deviations above or below the average of the contemporary groups were excluded. For the growth traits, contemporary groups with less than 10 animals were excluded. For carcass traits and meat CG with more than 3 animals were kept. The heritability estimates for growth traits ranged from 0.12 ± 0.009 to 0.44 ± 0.007. For carcass and meat traits, the heritability estimates were 0.10 ± 0.12 to 0.39 ± 0.15... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Fernando Sebástian Baldi Rey / Coorientador: Lúcia Galvão de Albuquerque / Banca: Roberto Carvalheiro / Banca: Fabiano Alvim Barbosa / Resumo: O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi estimar valores econômicos para um sistema de recria e engorda a partir de um Modelo Bioeconômico detalhado de quatro sistemas de produção, utilizando animais da raça Nelore e Cruzados. Os quatro modelos foram compostos da seguinte forma: 1)animais de composição 100% Nelore recriados e terminados a pasto; 2) animais de composição ½ Taurino X ½ Nelore recriados e terminados a pasto; 3) animais de composição 100% Nelore recriados a pasto e terminados em sistema de confinamento; 4) animais de composição ½ Taurino X ½ Nelore recriados a pasto e terminados em sistema de confinamento. Os valores econômicos foram estimados para as seguintes características: Ganho Médio Diário (GMD), Rendimento de Carcaça (RC), Consumo Alimentar (CA) e Energia de Mantença (EM), para cada um dos modelos propostos.Os valores econômicos dos modelos Pasto + Confinamento, baseados em R$/animal/ano foram superiores aos valores econômicos dos modelos Pasto. Isto se deve à maior eficiência dos animais que estão ocupando as áreas de pastejo, ou seja, animais mais leves e jovens possuem um menor custo para ganhar o mesmo peso do que animais mais pesados e adultos. Produzem-se mais arrobas em pastejo durante os modelos Pasto + Confinamento, quando comparado aos modelos Pasto, devido ao confinamento dos animais. As características estudadas possuem um grande impacto econômico nos sistemas de recria e engorda conforme os modelos propostos, com grande vantagem, nestes modelos, para a característica de RC. O GMD foi a segunda característica com maior valor econômico para os sistemas. As características de consumo alimentar e energia de mantença estão diretamente ligadas devido aos cálculos realizados para estimação de consumo. Estas características apresentam importância significativa no ponto de vista econômico, porém são pouco exploradas em programas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The general objective of this work was to estimate economic values for growing and finishing systems from a detailed Bioeconomic Model of four production systems, using Nelore breed and Crossbreed animals. Those four systems were composed by the following way: 1) animals with composition 100% of Nelore blood, growing and finishing period on pasture. 2) animals with composition ½ Taurus X ½ Nelore growing and finishing on pasture. 3) animals with composition 100% Nelore growing on pasture and finishing on feedlot system. 4) animals with composition ½ taurus X ½ Nelore growing on pasture and finishing on feedlot system. The economic values was estimated for the following traits: Average Daily Gain (ADG), Dressing Percentage (DP), Feed Consumption (FC) and Maintenance Energy (ME) for each proposed system. The economic values of Pasture + Feedlot systems based on R$/animal/yearwere in majority traits, higher than the economic values of Pasture models. This is due to the higher efficiency of animals that are occupying the grazing areas, i.e., lighter and young animals have a lower cost for the same weight gain than heavier and adults animals. Produces more arrobas in grazing during the Pasture + Feedlot models when compared the Pasture models, due to confinement of animals. The studied traits have a major economic impact on the growing and finishing systems as the models proposed, with great importance, in these models, for the traits of dressing percentage. Average daily gain was the second trait with greater economic value for the system. The traits of food consumption and maintenance energy are directly linked because of calculations to estimate consumption, and are traits with significant importance in the economic point of view, and explored by genetic evaluations programs in Brazil. Feed consumption and maintenance energy are important traits when evaluating... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Telma Teresinha Berchielli / Coorientador: Bruno Ramalho Vieira / Banca: Pedro Antônio Muniz Malafaia / Banca: Izabelle Auxiliadora Molina de Almeida Teixeira / Resumo: Este estudo avaliou o efeito da suplementação fosfórica (SP) sobre o consumo de nutrientes, desempenho, parâmetros ósseos, qualidade de carne e a utilização do fósforo (P) por bovinos Nelores, durante o período de confinamento. Para tanto, utilizou-se 42 novilhos com peso médio inicial de 296±25 kg distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 3 tratamentos e 14 repetições. A dieta era formada por bagaço de cana (200g/kg na MS) e concentrado (800g/kg na MS). Os tratamentos dietéticos foram: sem a adição de P suplementar (T1), núcleo mineral comercial (T2) e fosfato bicálcico (T3). Os teores porcentuais de P na MS foram 0,24; 0,42 e 0,50, respectivamente. Foram avaliados os consumos de MS, PB, FDN, Ca, P e Mg, bem como a absorção aparente, retenção, excreção fecal e urinária de P, o desempenho animal e as características da carcaça. As avaliações da qualidade óssea consistiram na determinação da composição química óssea, densidade mineral óssea (DMO) e densidade em água (DA), além dos valores séricos de cálcio (Ca), P, magnésio (Mg), paratormônio (PTH), fosfatase alcalina (FA) e a concentração de P na saliva e no líquido ruminal. Os consumos de MS, PB e FDN foram similares entre os grupos que receberam ou não a SP (P>0,05). As ingestões de Ca e Mg foram superiores nos tratamentos em que se adicionou o núcleo comercial ou o fosfato bicálcico (P<0,05). O consumo, a retenção e a excreção de P foram influenciados pelo aumento do teor de P nas dietas experimentais (P<0,... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of phosphorus supplementation (PS) on nutrient intake, performance and phosphorus (P) utilization by Nellore steers in a feedlot. Forty-two animals with an initial body weight of 296±25 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design consisting of 3 treatments and 14 replicates. The diet on a DM basis was comprised of sugarcane bagasse (200 g/kg) plus concentrate (800 g/kg). The treatments were without supplementary P (T1), commercial mineral supplement specific for feedlot cattle (T2) and dicalcium phosphate (T3) with 0.24, 0.42 or 0.50 % P, respectively. The DM, CP and NDF intakes were similar between the groups with or without the PS (P>0.05). The highest intakes of Ca and Mg were observed in the treatments with commercial mineral supplement or dicalcium phosphate. Intake, retention and excretion of P were influenced by the increase in P content in the experimental diets (P<0.05). Performance and carcass characteristics were not affected by P content in the diet (P>0.05). Supplementation with P significantly increased the excretion of P in the feces and urine and the feeding cost. Therefore, under Brazilian conditions, there is no justification for supplementing P in feedlot rations. The animals submitted or not to phosphorus supplementation had a similar content of Ca, Ca:P ratio and bone mineral density (BMD) at the 12th rib (P>0.05). However, animals of the T1 and T3 treatments had significant reductions in ma... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Ângelo Berchieri Júnior / Banca: Antonio Carlos Alessi / Banca: Simone Alves Mendes Ribeiro / Resumo: A presente pesquisa avaliou o nível de contaminação por Salmonella spp. em dois abatedouros avícolas com sistema de inspeção diferenciados - SIF (serviço de inspeção federal) e SISP (serviço de inspeção do estado de São Paulo). O estudo foi realizado em abatedouros localizados no estado de São Paulo, no período de janeiro a fevereiro de 2009. Foram colhidas 292 amostras, oriundas de locais considerados críticos do abatedouro, como gaiolas de transporte, água do tanque de escalda, depenadeiras, área de evisceração, água dos tanques de pré- resfriamento e resfriamento e setor de embalagem (carcaça e partes prontas para comercialização). No abatedouro A, 30 amostras foram positivas (18,7%), sendo as depenadeiras o local onde mais isolou-se Salmonella spp. e no abatedouro B, 74 amostras positivas (56,1%), sendo as gaiolas e a área de evisceração e depenadeiras os locais mais contaminados. Os sorovares mais detectados foram S. Albany, S. Infantis e S. Schwarzengrund, S. Kentucky / Abstract: The following research evaluated the level of contamination by Salmonella spp. In two poultry slaughterhouses with different inspection systems - SIF (service of federal inspection) and SISP (service of inspection of state Sao Paulo). The study was carried out in slaughterhouses located in the state of Sao Paulo, in the period of January to February of 2009. It was gathered a total of 292 samples, from the critical points of the slaughterhouses: transport cages, water from the scalding tank, plucking machines, evisceration, water from tanks of pre-cooling and cooling and packaging sector with samples of final products. The slaughterhouse A 30 samples were positive (18,7%), being the most contaminated the plucking machine and on slaughterhouse B 74 samples were positive (56,1%), being the cages, evisceration and the plucking machines the most contaminated. The serotypes most detected were S. Albany, S. Infantis e S. Schwarzengrund, S. Kentucky / Mestre

Orientador: Lucia Maria Aparecida Carareto Alves / Banca: Manoel Victor Franco Lemos / Banca: Janaina Conrado Lyra da Fonseca / Resumo: O processo de compostagem de resíduos animais com mortalidade cotidiana ou de surtos tem sido identificado como o método ideal para a disposição final de carcaças, entretanto o risco potencial de transmissão de microrganismos patogênicos limita severamente seu uso. Neste estudo foi avaliada a qualidade química e segurança microbiológica de um composto produzido com carcaças animais e resíduos vegetais, em uma unidade experimental de compostagem na Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Brasil. Em uma amostra do composto maduro, foi determinada a presença das bactérias patogênicas E. coli (STEC), E. coli enteropatogenica (EPEC) E. coli enterohemorrágica (EHEC) mediante uso de técnicas moleculares; número de coliformes, Salmonella spp. e a existência dos fungos fitopatogênicos, segundo instrução normativa SDA/MAPA # 27 de 2006. A avaliação microbiológica e determinação de numero de células foi feita usando meios de cultura seletivos e diferenciais. A presença de STEC, EPEC,EHEC, Salmonella spp. e fungos fitopatogênicos foram negativos. Os níveis de coliformes foram de 1160 UFC/g. O índice de germinação (IG) que surge da germinação relativa e da elongação de radículas esteve acima 100%, indicando que o composto contem uma baixa concentração ou não contem sustâncias fitotóxicas. As determinações químicas obtidas apresentaram valores inferiores aos limites definidos pelas diretrizes brasileiras MAPA-SDA 25/09, CONAMA 375/06, e CETESB 195/05. Os resultados mostram que o método de compostagem de carcaças é eficaz para reduzir os microrganismos patogênicos. Entretanto para que o produto possa ser aplicado sobre as culturas usadas para consumo humano e animal, devem ser realizados testes que avaliem a presença de agentes patogênicos virais, tais como vírus da gripe aviária e Newcastle, e de bactérias formadoras de endósporos como Bacillus anthracis. E ... / Abstract: Daily and outbreaks mortality composting have been identified as the best method for final disposal of carcasses, but the potential risk of pathogens transmission seriously limits its use. In this study we assessed the microbiological quality and biosafety of a compost produced in experimental unit composting daily mortality at the university in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Mature compost sample was evaluated to determine the presence of pathogenic bacteria E. coli (STEC) E. coli (EPEC) and E. coli (EHEC) using molecular techniques, the presence and counting of coliforms and Salmonella sp. and several soilborne phytopathogenic fungi was also estimated, the evaluation was conducted using selective and differential microbiological culture media. The presence of STEC, EPEC, Salmonella and phytopathogenic fungi were negative. Coliform levels were 1160 UFC/kg. The results show that daily mortality composting method is effective to reduce pathogenic microorganisms, but so the product can be applied on crops or plants such as vegetables that are for direct human consumption, additional tests must be performed to assess the presence of viral pathogens such as viruses avian influenza and Newcastle, endospores forming bacteria like Bacillus anthracis, should not be included dead animals by neurological diseases confirmed or probable / Mestre

"December, 2004." / Bibliography: leaves 229-251. / xvi, 265 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture and Wine, Disciplines of Animal Science and Biometrics SA, 2005?