A thesis submitted to the School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 2017 Johannesburg, South Africa / Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) pose an increasing burden on public health and economic growth worldwide. The highest increase in prevalence and death rates of NCDs has been seen in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that by 2030, NCDs will account for five times as many deaths as communicable diseases in LMICs and that there will be more than 2.16 billion overweight and 1.12 billion obese individuals in the world. It is also estimated that by 2020 NCDs will contribute 80 percent of the global burden of disease and the largest increase in NCD deaths will occur in Africa. Recent reports indicate that six of the ten leading natural causes of death in South Africa are NCDs. There are few studies that have used longitudinal data to understand the effects of life-course childhood adiposity on future health risks and the early life factors responsible for variations in lifecourse childhood obesity. However, it is not known whether there is a genetic basis for the variability in BMI developmental patterns over time. Lack of comprehensive longitudinal and genetic association data for obesity have made it difficult to do such studies in an African setting. It is still not clear whether the same genetic variants associated with obesity in Europeans and other populations are also associated with these traits in African populations. Understanding the genetic contribution to obesity in the black South African population may help to come up with effective interventions to deal with this emerging epidemic in Africa. The aim of this thesis was to better understand the contribution of genetics and explain the longitudinal genetic basis of childhood and adolescence obesity in black South African children. To deal with this, I firstly studied identification of distinct trajectories of BMI and then relate the established BMI trajectories to the future health risks of elevated blood pressure. Secondly, I explored the early life factors behind BMI trajectory membership, this would help to identify factors that may accelerate an individual’s progression from a normal BMI trajectory pattern membership to the one characterized with elevated BMI. Then lastly, I looked at the additive genetic effect for BMI and determine whether genetic risk of obesity in early adulthood was mediated by early life rapid growth. Results showed variation in BMI developmental patterns between boys and girls; three and four distinct sex-specific BMI trajectories were identified in boys and girls respectively. Children belonging to early onset overweight or obese BMI trajectories, characterized by elevated BMI, had an increased risk of elevated blood pressure in late adolescence, compared to their peers in the normal trajectories. Rapid conditional relative weight gain in early life was associated with increased risk of belonging to a BMI trajectory characterized by consistent elevated BMI over time. Individuals in overweight or obese trajectories had a higher chance of being overweight or obese in early adulthood. I found that a genetic risk score, based on known adult BMI Caucasian risk variants, showed significant longitudinal effects of genetic loci with BMI in childhood and adolescent and significant age-GRS interactions were observed. A higher genetic risk score predicted membership of early onset obese or overweight BMI trajectories. The genetic risk of obesity at 18 years of age was mediated by pre-adolescence and adolescence rapid weight gain. The results from this thesis emphasize the importance of studying individual’s BMI developmental patterns when studying development and progression of obesity. These findings also show that the information obtained from GWAS done in other populations can be equally relevant to African populations and this could be used in early identification of individuals at increased risk of obesity and other NCDs risk factors. Combing genetic risk score, BMI trajectories membership and weight status can be used to help improve the screening process of individuals to be targeted in coming up with targeted educational and behavior intervention programmes for obesity. These programmes should target individuals at risk at early stage in order to reduce the adverse health risk outcomes later in life. / MT 2017

by Kwok Fai (Simon) Leung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1990. / Bibliography: leaves 72-99. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.i / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / Chapter SECTION 1: --- Literature Review / Chapter 1.1 --- Historical perspectives of ANP --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Nature of ANP --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Release of ANP --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4 --- Biological effects of ANP --- p.17 / Chapter 1.5 --- Clinical implications --- p.24 / Chapter SECTION 2: --- Effect of ANP on Left Atrium / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.37 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.44 / Chapter SECTION 3: --- Effect of ANP on Mesenteric Artery / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2 --- Methods --- p.51 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.62 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.66 / Chapter SECTION 4: --- General Discussion --- p.67 / Chapter SECTION 5: --- References --- p.72

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--New Jersey Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2000. / JT20011220. MBT20090708 ANT20100114 Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 167-173). Also available via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 276-290). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

Thesis (M. Med. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 40-47).

Thesis--M. Phil., University of Hong Kong.

Thesis--M.D., University of Hong Kong. / Typewritten.

Thesis--M. Phil., University of Hong Kong, 1984.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--York University, 2001. Graduate Programme in Kinesiology and Health Science. / Typescript. Title on thesis acceptance page: Effects of aging on the cardiovascular responses to a push-pull tilting manoeuvre. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 65-73). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pMQ71587.