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This thesis explores the benefits and limitations of traditional evaluations of maternity care, looking specifically at one innovation in service provision, a midwife managed delivery unit. The research undertaken in this thesis can be described in terms of three developmental phases. In phase one, care in a midwife-managed delivery unit is compared with care in a consultant-led labour ward within the framework of a randomised controlled trial. 'Success' is measured in terms of both the clinical aspects of care and as viewed by the women who received this care. Care of women at low obstetric risk in a midwife-managed delivery unit is shown to result in less intervention, greater continuity of carer, more involvement in decision making and greater women's satisfaction with how care was managed. There were no differences in overall satisfaction and the limitations of satisfaction as an outcome measure are discussed. Phases two and three build on the work of the randomised controlled trial. In phase two, perinatal mortality and morbidity data are reviewed through an independent case review of the perinatal deaths and further analysis of the morbidity data. In phase three, the thesis utilises techniques from the discipline of health economics to go beyond the traditional measure of women's views, satisfaction. Willingness to pay and conjoint analysis are used to determine women's preferences, and the strength of these preferences, for different models of maternity service provision.

The structure of the health service in Iran has been described and the role and position of Radiology within the service explained. A comparison has been made between the current basic recommendations and requirement of the IAEA for a radiology service and requirements as laid down in the Iranian legislation. Omissions have been highlighted and suggestions made as to how the Iran legislation could be improved to ensure full compliance. An analysis of the structure of Radiology in Iran has been made and recommendations made as to the improvements which should be made to bring staffing levels and training up to minimum international levels. Measurements of patient and staff doses received during radiology in Iran are reported and from these estimates of potential population dose made. Cost benefit analysis has been undertaken with regard to these doses and recommendations made with regard to the optimum steps that could be taken to reduce patient and staff dose.

It is only when furnished with facts that one can move away from mere opinion towards objectivity, and replace anecdotes with evidence. It was this belief that led Professor I.M. Richardson of the Department of General Practice at Aberdeen University, to take a close interest in the development of accurate observations of the work of various members of the community health team. This interest was first given expression in a study conducted by Dr. I.C. Buchan, who adopted time-study techniques to measure "everything that visibly happened" between patients and their general practitioners (Buchan and Richardson, 1973). This study was so successful in achieving a detailed analysis of professional medical activity, that it seemed logical and desirable to extend the study to the work of the district nurse. So, when I wrote to Professor Richardson expressing an interest in the field of community health research, he approached Mrs. A.M. Taylor, then Divisional Nursing Officer of the Aberdeen District Nursing Association, who showed great interest in the. idea of a study of the nurses' work. A research proposal was drawn up and was approved by the then Research and Intelligence Unit of the Scottish Home and Health Department. The study commenced in April 1972. The nursing study drew upon the methods already successfully employed, and I acknowledge ray debt to Dr. Buchan who undertook the unglaraorous task of adapting time study techniques to the observation of professional activity. However, my own grounding in nursing and the social sciences prompted me to view this opportunity for direct observation of nurses as a valuable means of exploring the nurse-patient relationship. Previous related research experience had highlighted two factors: firstly, there is a dearth of research on nurse-patient interaction in this country, and secondly, a study of such interaction could yield new insight into the nature of nurses' work. Indeed it was felt that this was a crucial adjunct to time study in any thorough description and analysis of district nurses at work. The first task, then, was to determine the extent of the research already carried out in this field. The aim of the following literature review is to examine existing knowledge, to identify areas which have not been thoroughly researched, and to construct hypotheses for the observation study.

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Class of 2017 Abstract / Objectives: To determine if there is a correlation between both awareness and utilization of pharmacy care services and patient satisfaction at an independent community pharmacy in Benson, Arizona. Subjects: Patients who visited the pharmacy within a 45-day period in 2016 and who have filled at least one prescription at that location. Methods: A self-reported questionnaire was administered by pharmacy staff to assess patients’ satisfaction ratings on the pharmacy’s performance. The questionnaire also inquired about patients’ awareness and use of pharmacy services as well as demographic information including a history of specific disease states. Data were evaluated using analytic software. Results: Questionnaires were completed by 48 men (mean age = 65.8; SD = 12.57) and 69 women (mean age 60.3; SD = 15.06), with the mean number of select health conditions being 1.63 (SD = 1.16) and 1.49 (SD = 1.24), respectively. There was no correlation between the number of services for which a patient was aware, nor the number of services utilized, and overall satisfaction (p=0.466 and p=0.384, respectively). However, there was a significant positive correlation between awareness and utilization of pharmacy services (r=0.208, p=0.019). Over 74% of respondents rated satisfaction for all measures “excellent,” with professionalism of the pharmacist (92.1%) and pharmacy staff (89.9%) ranking highest. The only category that received a “poor” rating was how well the pharmacist explains medication side effects. Conclusions There was no apparent correlation between awareness of pharmacy care services and patient satisfaction at The Medicine Shoppe in Benson, nor between utilization of pharmacy services and satisfaction. However, patient satisfaction scored high in all categories surveyed.