The purpose of this exploratory investigation was to investigate how self-identified gay or bisexual (GB) men with developmental disabilities managed their complex identities. Through various profiling strategies and snowball sampling techniques, seven such GB men volunteered. These key participants resided over a wide geographical area, from the coastal US to the southern part of British Columbia. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with each person, three of whom identified a caregiver as being a particularly important part of his "coming-out" process. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted with these supporting participants, as well as a few other relevant professionals. Key participants' life stories were framed within several theories: namely; Goffman's (1963) stigma, Lave and Wengers' (1991) legitimate peripheral participation, disability theory, queer theory and Smith's (1987) institutional ethnography. Similarly, the supporting professionals' responses were analyzed. The results present rich kaleidoscopic narrative descriptions, and provide many implications for special education practice and queer activism. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

In the 1970s, international development planners began to recognize women's important roles in their communities. A variety of approaches to include women have since evolved, and their merits are debated. They have been described in the literature as "welfare," "Women-in-Development" (WID), and "Gender and Development" (GAD). The welfare approach focuses on basic needs while strengthening women's homemaker and reproductive roles. The WID approach is based on increasing women's incomes as a means toward empowerment. The Gender and Development (GAD) addresses systemic gender discrimination. There is need for research in development planning. Development programs track results during the project, but seldom look at long term impacts and sustainability. This thesis reports the results of research on a 1991 WID efficiency approach, women's income generation project in Shaanxi Province, China, by examining the impact seven years later. My methodology involved interviews with twenty-one women project participants, eight husbands, village leaders and informal lunch-hour focus group discussions with villagers. The project involved transition from grain to orchards. The orchards dramatically increased women's incomes and improved the quality of village life. The women took full control of orchard management, pushing men out of the orchards saying that they were "incapable" of the monotonous orchard tasks. Most husbands found off-farm jobs, diversifying household incomes. Women gained marketing skills, self-confidence, and financial independence, but remained vulnerable as primary producers to income fluctuations. Most women stayed outside village politics, and traditional gender role socialization was maintained. The project fulfilled women's needs and interests, however, long term results for women are mixed. The Shaanxi field project was one of sixty-six field projects under the Canada- China Women-in-Development Project (1990-1995) implemented in partnership by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) and the All-China Women's Federation. The project had two components: poverty reduction and institutional strengthening of the Women's Federation. I was the Canadian co-manager of the Canada-China WID Project, and have since completed more than thirty contracts (fifteen projects) plus a two-year contract as co-manager of the Canada-China Women's Law Project (one year of which was full-time in China). My research is intended to assist and improve my future work in the development field, and to inform those interested in women's development program planning and gender equality policy. Good planning was key to the strength of the Canada-China WID Project. Partners shared a common goal. CIDA's efficiency approach supported the Women's Federation policy to bring women into production as a means of achieving equality. Participatory planning and decision-making involved Federation project officers across China. Delegation in management and clear, commonly set guidelines increased partners' involvement and accountability. Power in planning gradually, and tacitly, transferred to the Women's Federation as they assumed ownership and responsibility for results. Strong donor/recipient partnership and participatory planning processes strengthen potential for sustainable results. Suggestions to improve women's development planning include: increasing gender awareness, strengthening women's interest and capacity in political participation, developing risk mitigation strategies to lessen income insecurity, blending WID/GAD projects, and further research on project impacts. / Education, Faculty of / Educational Studies (EDST), Department of / Graduate

The purpose of this study was to examine Lazarus and Folkman's (1984) stress and coping theory in the context of workplace stress and coping with a focus on the influence of personal and cultural resources on cognitive appraisal, coping strategies, and the well-being of Chinese who are currently employed in professional occupations overseas. The data were collected from a volunteer sample of 228 overseas Chinese professionals (128 men, 100 women, M age = 32.6). Participants completed three sets of questionnaires over a six-week period (2 weeks apart). Specific variables of interest included cultural, social, and personal resources (Chinese collective values, perceived social support and work support, and general self-efficacy), situational appraisals (perceived situational control and self-efficacy), ways of coping (Engagement, Disengagement, and Collective strategies), and changes in short-term outcomes (job satisfaction, somatic symptoms, and depression symptoms). Items that assessed collective ways of coping were developed for this study. Significant differences were found between men and women in this sample. As such, path analysis (LISREL VIII) was used to test the hypothesized relationships in the model separately for men and women. Based on a zero-order correlation matrix, the results for the initial hypothesized path models indicated a moderate fitting model for men and an inadequate fitting model for women. However, modified models revealed a good model fit for both men and women, X 2 (29, N=128)=32.72, p=.29, Q=1.13, RMSR=.05, GFI=.96, and CFI=. 98, and X 2 (29, N=100)=44.10, p=.04, Q=1.52, GFI=.93, RMSR-.07, and CFI=.92, respectively. The pattern of relationships (path coefficients) provide partial supports for the hypothesized model and Lazarus and Folkman's (1984) theoretical assumptions. The results of this study were consistent with those obtained by other researchers who found that coping resources are associated with coping strategies and short-term outcomes (e.g., Long, Kahn, & Schutz, 1992; Terry, Tonge, & Callan, 1995). For the men, personal resources of General Self-efficacy were positively related to control appraisal, Work Support predicted Collective coping, and Social Support was associated with a decrease in depressive symptoms. As expected, Disengagement coping was found to have a significant effect on depressive symptoms for the men. For the women, General Self-efficacy and Social Support were associated with perceived self-efficacy, and predicted an increase in job satisfaction and a decrease in depressive symptoms. Self-efficacy appraisal had negative effects on Disengagement coping. As hypothesized, Engagement coping was negatively associated with changes in somatic symptoms, and Disengagement coping predicted changes in both somatic and depressive symptoms. The results Of factor analysis supported the development of a Collective coping subscale. Implications of these results and suggestions for future research are discussed. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

This grounded theory study investigated the experiences of 18 middle class, middle aged men who lost long term employment because of organizational restructuring. Limited research had previously been conducted in this area and this study extends our understanding about the impact of job loss on people who have lost long term employment. The purpose of the study was to explicate the lived experiences of these men and generate an explanation and model of how they reconstructed their understanding of career following job loss from long term employment. The men's experience of job loss and how they constructed career after the loss of long term employment were explained through a dynamic and interacting four stage process model of the dissolution of career. Stage 1, establishing career, explained how the men came to understand career as a relationship. For these men, career, as a relationship, was based on trust and was comprised of reciprocal terms believed to exist between the "good employee" and the "good employer." Over time, by fulfilling the terms of reciprocity, a psychological contract was established between the men and their employers. This contract contained mutual obligations, such as, employment security in exchange for employee commitment, loyalty, hard work, and sacrifice. Stage 2, the termination of employment, revealed how the experience of job loss signified a violation of the psychological contract. The men believed they had complied with the psychological contract; however, the employer's failure to provide employment security represented a violation of the psychological contract. This violation was a highly emotional experience, tantamount to a betrayal. Although compensation could represent the employer's effort to honour the employer/employee relationship, compensation in the form of severance pay was not adequate. Stage 3, disengaging from career, signified the period of time during which the men attempted to come to terms with the loss of career. The men attempted to secure new employment in a world of work different from the world in which they had begun their careers. Although the men sought employment that promoted the employer/employee relationship of career, seeking work revealed career as they had known it was unlikely in the new world of work. Past experience and educational upgrading had little effect on their ability to secure employment. Employers favoured inexpensive labour, immediate skills, and short term working relationships with employees. Generally, the men found themselves working in unstable jobs for less money. The men who secured stable work, gained job security through union membership or self employment instead of relying on the employer/employee relationship. The men's experiences during this stage underscored the experiences of the second stage. Stage 4, the dearth of career, represented the outcome of the men's experiences of the preceding stages. Although the men maintained previous definitions of career, they stated they had lost career and that career is no longer possible in the context of the new world of work. They were less trusting of employers. They favoured a transactional orientation towards work and stressed self interest in work relationships. Whereas, career provided a major source of purpose and meaning in the past, they constructed new purpose and meaning in life by reprioritizing other relationships in their lives, that is, with self, family, and friends. One wonders, however, whether life seemed less meaningful for the men who participated in this study because they maintained their definitions of career. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

Children learn language in the family. They also learn about the ways in which language can be used to communicate needs, share ideas, express cultural identity and negotiate and reinforce group membership. In bilingual and minority language families children also learn about the existence of different languages, of different ways of talking about the same object and expressing the same ideas, and the appropriate time and place to use each language. The place of language in the development of cultural identity and group membership is particularly important for people who speak more than one language and feel attachments to more than one culture. This study explores what it is to be a bilingual parent of young children. Parents who were themselves bilingual were asked about their own experiences with language, and their experiences with raising their children. The dissertation is organized around the themes of language learning in the family, in the community, and within the context of school. This study has resulted in a broad range of findings, among which are: that raising children to be bilingual is a deliberate act requiring considerable, conscious effort on the part of parents, that parents who have a mentor, someone they know who has successfully raised bilingual children, are more likely to persist with their efforts despite difficulties, and that close religious, cultural or familial ties to other speakers of the minority language are positive influences on both parents and children. Another important finding is that parents are greatly encouraged by meeting health and/or educational professionals who are positive and informative about bilingualism in young children. Conversation is the methodology for this study because it allows the participants and the researcher to work together toward a greater understanding of the topic under study. Through conversations with other interested people I was able to invite them into my questions. Sharing stories of language, and reflecting on what these stories mean and how they have affected and continue to affect us, opens the possibilities for a much greater understanding of what it means to speak more than one language in this society, and how that will affect our children. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

This study investigates the effect of founders socialization experiences and contextual interpretations on the deviation of recently-established law firms from the dominant organizational form in the B.C. legal profession. Through this research I address three issues fundamental to the neo-institutional perspective on organizational analysis: 1) whether consensually-understood frameworks exist in highly-institutionalized environments, 2) the extent to which new entrants to such industries reproduce or depart from these prescribed arrangements, and 3) why some conform while others deviate. In the first phase of my investigation, I ascertained the nature of the legal profession s dominant template for organizing by analyzing qualitative data collected from multiple data sources including both observers of and practitioners within this industry. I subsequently validated this template by collecting quantitative data through a survey administered to a panel of lawyers. The results support the existence of a commonly- perceived template for organizing in the B.C. legal profession. In the second phase of my research, I investigated sixty recently-established law firms in B.C. Through a background questionnaire and personal interview conducted with the founder of each firm, I collected data on multiple dimensions of form, the founder s experience, and his or her rationale for designing the firm in a certain way. I also administered a survey to a separate panel of lawyers, to obtain their perceptions of the extent to which alternative arrangements differed from those of the dominant template. This data was used to calculate deviation measures for the recentlyestablished firms. The results revealed that, despite the prevalence with which founders voiced disenchantment with the dominant template, 85% of their firms exhibited very little deviation from the normative form. Thus, it appears that most new entrants to a highlyinstitutionalized setting act primarily as agents of institutional perpetuation rather than entrepreneurship. The 15% that exhibited greater deviation tended to be headed by founders with less experience in the industry s most prominent organizations and by those who most strongly questioned the moral legitimacy of prevailing organizational arrangements. Experience in marginal organizations or other industries, as well as doubts about the dominant template s pragmatic legitimacy, were insufficient triggers of new entrant deviation. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

M.A. / This dissertation is an explorative study of the importance of participative communication conducted at one South African organization. The influence of the external democratic environment on the internal organizational environment was discussed within the broad parameters of the open systems approach. The new labour legislation in South Africa, the new Labour Relations Act (NLRA), emphasizes democratic principles and values. Participative management is emphasized as a management style that should be encouraged. Access to information and employee participation in organizational operation are indicated as key components in the move towards more participative organizational environments. The renewed importance of an organizational context that supports worker participation processes emphasizes the need to investigate how a participative environment can most effectively be established. Information sharing and participation in decision-making require effective communication structures and an environment that supports and encourages employee involvement. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of effective communication in participative organizational contexts with specific focus on South Africa. The newly emphasized democratic external democratic external environment requires the encouragement of effective participative management. The study advocated that communication structures as mechanisms for participation in organizational decisionmaking should therefore be critically analyzed. In order to ensure effective communication in participative environments, communication effectiveness was formulated in terms of specific research objectives that were explored, namely information efficiency (availability of information), communication channels available for information and the number of channels available for participation. Variables that could possibly influence these theoretical constructs were identified and explored, including job level, union membership, workplace forum membership, workplace forum participation, fear of participation and communication climate. In the literature study consideration was given to recognized theories related to the systems approach, climate and culture and participative management. The organizational internal culture was also discussed and considered, as cultural change should play a major role in the move towards a participative culture. The empirical part of the study was conducted as a case study at Columbus Stainless. Research objectives in terms of the aim of the study were explored indicating the importance of participative communication by measuring specific theoretical constructs as formulated in terms of the theoretical framework. The most prominent findings can be summarized as follows: • In terms of information efficiency variation between junior and senior level employees existed. Availability of information, both current and desired, was indicated as a theoretical construct that should be measured. • Variation existed in the perception of organizational information efficiency (amount of information) between organizational members who are scared of participation and members who are not scared of participation. Employees with less access to information were more scared of participation. • Wider access to communication channels providing information on micro level was related to more positive perceptions of the communication climate. • A correlation existed between fear of participation and the number of channels used for participation on macro level. Respondents who on average participated in fewer channels on macro level were less scared of participation. • Communication channel usage on macro level was almost statistically significantly related to positive perceptions of the communication climate.

Research examining social influences on pain has largely neglected the impact of friends, while studies on the social context of emotional display have demonstrated differences in expressivity in the presence of friends versus strangers. Given that pain is a universal phenomenon with both affective and sensory components, it appeared important to merge and extend research in both pain and emotions domains by examining the role of friends as determinants of pain experience and expression. An experimental investigation was undertaken to examine the impact of friendship, as a feature of audience effects and social modeling, on pain expression, as well as to examine the impact of menstrual factors that have been hypothesized to contribute to young women's current pain experience. Participants were female undergraduate students from the University of British Columbia. They were randomly assigned to undergo the cold pressor task with either a friend or a stranger, resulting in 52 pairs of friends and 52 pairs of strangers. Half of the participants had been exposed to the friend or stranger undertaking the task in advance of their own exposure to the cold pressor, so as to examine social modeling phenomenon. Measures of pain expression included self-rated pain intensity and unpleasantness, behavioural tolerance time, and facial pain activity. Robust social modeling effects were observed in all measures of pain, with the bulk of the modeling effect being expression modality-specific. A differential social modeling effect of friends vs. strangers was observed only in pain facial activity. Women's dysmenorrhea status and its severity, when evident, were unrelated to current pain expression. The presence of friends significantly facilitated expression of disgust but no significant group differences were observed for other emotions. Results are discussed from social communication model of pain and evolutionary perspectives and highlight individuals' apparent innate propensity to evaluate the costs and benefits associated with social communication. Future research is needed to elucidate factors that influence the transmission and reception of social information. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

Plasma total, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations increase immediately following birth. Interestingly, this increase is greater in breast-fed infants than in infants fed formula. The reason(s) why there are differences in plasma cholesterol concentrations between breast-fed and formula-fed infants is not known. However, this difference may be a consequence of the variations in lipid composition between milk and infant formula. Little is known regarding the specific effects of the lipid component(s) of infant diets on the expression of genes involved in hepatic lipid metabolism. The studies presented in this thesis determined whether the addition of cholesterol, arachidonic acid [20:4(n-6)] and docosahexaenoic acid [22:6(n-3)] to formula, and the positional distribution of fatty acids in formula triglycerides increases plasma cholesterol in formula-fed piglets to levels observed in milk-fed piglets. In study #1, piglets were fed from birth to 18 days of age with either a conventional infant formula (conventional formula) or a formula with synthesized triglycerides (TG) (synthesized TG formula). The conventional infant formula had 70% of the total 16:0, representing 23% of total fatty acids, esterified at the sn-1 and 3 positions of the formula triglyceride. The synthesized TG formula contained a similar percentage of 16:0, representing 23% of total fatty acids, but had 47% of the total 16:0 esterified at the centre (sn-2) position of the formula triglyceride. Each of the conventional and synthesized TG formulae were provided either without (<0.10 mM) or with 0.65mM cholesterol added to formula, 0.52mmol/L as unesterified cholesterol and 0.13 mmol/L as cholesterol oleate. A reference group of piglets was also fed sow milk. In study #1, the levels of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase mRNA, 7-a-hydroxylase (C7H) mRNA, and acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) mRNA were higher in the formula-fed than milk-fed piglets, irrespective of the formula cholesterol content or the positional distribution of fatty acids in the formula triglyceride. This was accompanied by lower plasma total and HDL cholesterol concentrations, lower hepatic triglyceride concentrations and lower concentrations of bile acids, cholesterol and phospholipid in bile of the formula-fed than milk-fed piglets. Adding cholesterol to the formula increased hepatic cholesterol concentrations and decreased hepatic levels of fatty acid synthase (FAS) mRNA, but had no effect on the plasma cholesterol concentrations of the formula-fed piglets. Directing 16:0 to the sn-2 position of the formula triglyceride led to lower plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, lower concentrations of bile acids in bile, lower hepatic levels of FAS mRNA and activity, and higher hepatic levels of ACC mRNA than in piglets fed the conventional formula. In study #2, piglets were fed the conventional formula either without or with egg phospholipid (9.5g/L) to provide 0.8% 20:4(n-6) and 0.3% 22:6(n-3) of total fatty acids, or sow milk from birth to 15 days of age. Supplementing the conventional formula with egg phospholipid resulted in higher levels of 20:4(n-6) and 22:6(n-3) in liver and bile phospholipid, higher plasma HDL concentrations, higher bile acid and phospholipid concentrations in bile and lower hepatic ACC mRNA levels in the formula-fed piglets. The levels of 20:4(n-6) and 22:6(n-4) in liver and bile phospholipid were also higher in the piglets fed the supplemented formula than in the piglets fed milk. A significant inverse relation was found between the levels of hepatic ACC mRNA and the percentage of 20:4(n-6) in liver triglyceride and the percentage of 22:6(n-3) in liver phospholipid. Egg phospholipid supplementation of formula had no effect on hepatic LDL receptor mRNA or hepatic FAS activity and mRNA in the formula-fed piglets. The piglets fed either the supplemented or the conventional formula had lower levels of plasma cholesterol and higher levels of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity and mRNA and C7H mRNA than piglets fed milk. These studies show that early diet, that is, milk compared to formula feeding, results in lower levels of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity and mRNA and C7H mRNA accompanied by higher plasma cholesterol concentrations in piglets. Supplementing formula with cholesterol or the preferential esterification of 16:0 at the sn-2 position of the formula triglyceride did not raise plasma cholesterol concentrations and had no effect on hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity and mRNA or C7H mRNA in formula-fed piglets. Supplementing formula with egg phospholipid, increased bile and liver phospholipid 20:4(n-6) and 22:6(n-3), decreased the levels of hepatic ACC mRNA and increased the concentrations of bile acids and phospholipid in bile. These findings suggest that milk-fed piglets have lower rates of hepatic cholesterol synthesis, lower rates of conversion of cholesterol to bile acids and the lipid present in sow milk and formula may be metabolized differently. These findings are significant in that they raise the question as to whether or not this effect of early diet will continue through to adulthood and influence metabolic response to diet fat. / Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies / Graduate

Abstract in English, Afrikaans and Setswana / The study aimed to develop an appropriate cross-border banking framework for competitiveness in East Africa. To this end, Kenya Commercial Bank was chosen as case study, as it allowed for an examination of global, multi-domestic and transnational cross-border competitiveness strategies. The political and sociocultural environments were the moderating variables for the study, while the sub-variables of competitive advantage were efficiency, risk management, learning and innovation. A mixed methods sequential approach was utilised, with the quantitative approach employing a cross-sectional survey research design as framework, while probability and nonprobability sampling techniques were used for collecting quantitative and qualitative data respectively. Both close- and open-ended questions were used. The quantitative phase of the study sampled 217 potential participants and received 168 responses, which is a response rate of 77 per cent. Data were analysed using SPSS software, which provided descriptive and inferential statistics. Thereafter, a framework for cross-border banking was developed, using regression analysis. The qualitative phase of the research employed a case study design, with interviews being conducted with employees of Kenya Commercial Bank. To this end, purposive, convenience and snowball sampling was utilised. In addition, qualitative data were processed and analysed through the use of MAXQDA software. Trustworthiness and rigour were enhanced by transcribing the interviews and reviewing them for accuracy. The quantitative and qualitative data were subsequently synthesised, taking into account their points of convergence and divergence. The study finally established that the most appropriate framework for competitiveness was to strategically integrate multi-domestic and global strategies, and moderate these by taking into account prevailing political and sociocultural environments. Elements for global configuration included centralisation, standard procedures, similar policies, organisational structures, global dynamics and global appeal. By contrast, the critical elements for a multi-domestic strategy included decentralisation, different procedures/policies/organisational structures and marketing approaches, flexibility, local responsiveness, as well as local dynamics and local appeal. / Hierdie studie is daarop gemik om ’n gepaste oorgrens-bankweseraamwerk vir mededingendheid in Oos-Afrika te ontwikkel. Met hierdie doel voor oë is die Kenya Commercial Bank as gevallestudie gekies, omdat dit die navorsers in staat gestel het om wêreldwye, multibinnelandse en transnasionale oorgrens-mededingendheidstrategieë te ondersoek. Die politieke en sosiokulturele omgewings is die moderatorveranderlikes vir die studie, terwyl doeltreffendheid, risikobestuur, leer en innovering die subveranderlikes van mededingingsvoordeel is. ’n Opeenvolgende gemengemetodes-benadering is gevolg – die kwantitatiewe benadering maak gebruik van ’n deursnee-opname-navorsingsontwerp as raamwerk, terwyl waarskynlikheid- en nie-waarskynlikheid-steekproefnemingstegnieke gebruik is om onderskeidelik kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe data in te samel. Geslote vrae én oop vrae is gebruik. Tydens die kwantitatiewe fase van die studie is 217 potensiële deelnemers genader en 168 het geantwoord. Die responsiekoers was dus 77 persent. Data is ontleed met behulp van SPSS-sagteware, wat deskriptiewe en inferensiële statistiek opgelewer het. Daarná is daar met behulp van regressie-ontleding ’n raamwerk vir oorgrens-bankwese ontwikkel. Tydens die kwalitatiewe fase van die navorsing is gebruik gemaak van ’n gevallestudie-ontwerp – onderhoude is gevoer met werknemers van Kenya Commercial Bank. Hiervoor is doelgerigte, gerieflikheids- en toenemende steekproefneming gebruik. Daarby is kwalitatiewe data verwerk en ontleed met behulp van MAXQDA-sagteware. Betroubaarheid en nougesetheid is bevorder deur die onderhoude te transkribeer en te hersien vir akkuraatheid. Die kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe data is daarná saamgevoeg met inagneming van die punte waarop die data ooreenstem en verskil. Uiteindelik het die studie bepaal dat die mees gepaste raamerk vir mededinging sou wees om multibinnelandse en globale strategieë te integreer en te modereer met inagneming van heersende politieke en sosiokulturele omgewings. Die elemente van wêreldwye konfigurasie sluit in sentralisering; standaardprosedures; ooreenstemmende beleide, organisasiestrukture en globale dinamiek; en globale aantrekkingskrag. Daarenteen sluit die noodsaaklike elemente vir ’n multibinnelandse strategie die volgende in: desentralisering; verskillende prosedures, beleide, organisasiestrukture en bemarkingsbenaderings; buigsaamheid; plaaslike responsiwiteit; plaaslike dinamiek; en plaaslike aantrekkingskrag / Maikaelelo a thutopatlisiso e ne e le go tlhama letlhomeso le le maleba la go ralala melelwane la kgaisano kwa Aforikabotlhaba. Go fitlhelela seno, go tlhophilwe Banka ya Kgwebo ya Kenya go sekasekwa, ka ntlha ya fa e ne e kgontsha tshekatsheko ya ditogamaano tsa kgaisano tsa selegae-bontsi le ditlamo tse di kgabaganyang ditšhaba le melelwane. Ditikologo tsa sepolotiki le loagosetso e nnile dipharologantsho tse di dirisitsweng mo thutopatlisisong, fa dipharologantshopotlana tsa tshiamelo ya kgaisano e nnile bokgoni, tsamaiso ya matshosetsi, go ithuta le go itlhamela. Go dirisitswe mokgwa o o tswakantsweng o o sekasekang data go tswa kwa tshimologong, fa mokgwa wa go lekanyetsa dipalopalo ka go dirisa thadiso ya patlisiso e e ralalang maphata e nnile letlhomeso, mme go dirisitswe thekeniki e bannileseabe ba kokoanngwang mo thulaganyong e e nayang batho botlhe ditshono tse di lekanang tsa go ka tlhophiwa le e e sa neyeng batho botlhe ditshono tse di lekanang tsa go ka tlhophiwa go kokoanya data e e ka kgonang go lekanyediwa le e e ka se keng ya kgona go lekanyediwa. Go dirisitswe dipotso tse di batlang karabo ya ee kgotsa nnyaa le tse di batlang tlhaloso. Legato la patlisiso le le akaretsang dipalopalo le tlhophile batho ba ba ka nnang le seabe ba le 217 mme ga amogelwa tsibogo ya ba le 168, se e leng tsibogo e e lekanang le diperesente tse 77. Go sekasekilwe data go dirisiwa serweboleta sa SPSS, se se tlametseng ka dipalopalo tse di tlhalosang le tse di lebisang kwa ditshwetsong. Morago ga moo go ne ga tlhamiwa letlhomeso la banka e e dirang go kgabaganya melelwane, go dirisiwa tshekatsheko e e lekanyetsang kamano ya dipharologantsho. Legato la go tlhaloganya mabaka la patlisiso le dirisitse mokgwa wa go lebelela rekoto ya setheo se se rileng, mme go botsoloditswe badiri ba Banka ya Kgwebo ya Kenya. Go fitlhelela seno, go dirisitswe mokgwa wa go tlhopha sampole ka go tlhopha, go dira gore bannileseabe ba ngoke bannileseabe ba isago le go tlhophiwa ga bannileseabe ba ba fa gaufi. Go tlaleletsa foo, data e e sa kgoneng go lekanyediwa e sekasekilwe ka tiriso ya serweboleta sa MAXQDA. Go okeditswe boikanyego le kelotlhoko ka go gatisa dipotsolotso le go di sekaseka gape go tlhomamisa nepagalo. Data e e kgonang go lekanyediwa le e e sa kgoneng go lekanyediwa di ne tsa kopanngwa, go lebeletswe dintlha tsa tsona tse di golaganang le tse di fapaaneng. Gape thutopatlisiso e lemogile gore letlhomeso le le maleba go gaisa la kgaisano ke gore go nne le togamaano ya go golaganya ditogamaano tsa selegae le tsa lefatshe, mme di sekasekiwe go etswe tlhoko tikologo e e gona ya sepolotiki le loagosetso. Dintlha tsa thulaganyo e e akaretsang di akareditse go tlisa ditirelo fa lefelong le le lengwe fela, ditsamaiso tse di tlwaelegileng, dipholisi tse di tshwanang, dipopegotheo tsa setheo, diphetogo mo lefatsheng mmogo le kgatlhego mo lefatsheng. Go farologana le seo, dintlha tsa botlhokwa tsa togamaano ya selegae-bontsi e akareditse go tlisa ditirelo fa lefelong le le lengwe fela, dithulaganyo/dipholisi/dipopegotheo tsa setheo tse di farologaneng le mekgwa ya papatso, go obega, tsibogo ya selegae, gammogo le diphetogo tsa selegae le kgatlhego ya selegae. / Graduate School of Business Leadership / D.B.L