The land use problem that exists in Cathedral Park and the area on either side has been described and enough background information has been obtained to identify the existing problems and propose possible solutions. Cathedral Park was created as a Class 'A' Provincial Park in 1968, mainly due to the efforts of a Parks Society, the Okanagan-Similkameen Parks Society (OSPS). The 18,217 acres included at present in the Park are considered by the Society to be insufficient to afford adequate protection to the delicate features in the Park. It has been suggested that a buffer zone would, among other things, provide the required protection, would enlarge the Park to meet future increased demands for outdoor recreation areas, and through the use of natural boundaries would facilitate the management of the area for recreation. The OSPS has proposed that the present Park boundaries be extended to include an area of about 83,000 acres. On both sides of the Park, grazing and forestry are at present in practice. There also are a few mineral claims. Most of the region's natural resource users would rather see a combined use made of this area with recreation, grazing, and forestry being practiced simultaneously. To protect their interests they have grouped themselves into the British Columbia Interior Resource Users Council. The conflict between the preservationists (recreationists) and the traditional resource users has been in existance for a few years with both organizations exerting pressure on the government at different levels. This thesis sums up the situation and after an overall look at the problem proposes solutions to the conflict. Initially it was intended to evaluate economically several alternatives, but as the situation was studied in depth, new problems unrelated to the economics of the different alternatives emerged. Because many aspects are social and political the economics of this land use problem have been relegated to a secondary position. Revenues that would be lost as a result of reservation of the 83,000 acres for recreation and exclusion of other natural resource users, are important nonetheless. They ought to play an important role in developing solutions to the problem and are associated with several long standing contractual obligations to resource users that should not be dismissed lightly. In the initial stages of research many references were consulted. Once a general idea had been obtained of the problems and groups involved in the conflict, several trips were made to the region and taperecordings were made of interviews held. Four visits were made to the Park in order to gain familiarity with the area. Correspondence was maintained with government officials and concerned parties. As a result of the investigation it was concluded that at present it would be politically difficult and probably socially and economically undesirable to increase park acreage. It is suggested an integrated use of the area be practiced and that it be used as a case study in which the government can demonstrate its capacity to anticipate, meet, and solve land use problems effectively. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

Holocene patterns of sediment yield reconstructed from sediments in four lakes are used to assess the geomorphic sensitivity of four alpine-subalpine basins in Cathedral Provincial Park, British Columbia. A three stage process was used to assess basin sensitivity. Stage one involved appraisal of the potential generalisability over the landscape of the results to be derived from the lake basins. The four lakes, Quiniscoe , Glacier, Pyramid and Lake of the Woods lie at or just below treeline. Glacier, Pyramid and Quiniscoe lakes lie in cirque basins. Slope frequency analyses show that whilst slopes in these basins are representative of those in the cirques of Cathedral park they differ significantly from the wider landscape. Stage two of the process involved identification of Holocene variability in the sediment yield record. Cores from each of the lakes were correlated using magnetic susceptibility measurements and lithostratigraphy to define chronostratigraphic units. The mass of allochthonous mineral sediment deposited in each of these units was estimated using measured sediment density, carbonate content, loss on ignition, and biogenic silica. Sediment yield to the lake for each unit was calculated based on dating of zone boundaries, estimates of trap efficiency, and the mineral mass estimate. In order to identify significant variations in the record, a new method was developed for estimating error associated sediment yield estimates derived from lake sediments. Sediment yield estimates were compared with the published Holocene climate record to make an initial assessment of sensitivity. Stage three involved discriminating between true sensitivity to climate change in the record and coincidental correlation. The approach was to identify process linkages between the observed changes in sediment yield and the climate change record. Two methods of inferring process were used. Firstly process change was inferred directly from the sedimentology of the lake sediments. Secondly magnetic and mineralogical characterisations of lake and catchment sediments were used to identify changing sediment sources. The results show considerable variability in the patterns of Holocene sediment yield amongst the study basins. In particular, Glacier and Quiniscoe Lakes show a marked increase in sediment yield under cooler conditions ca. 3390 BP, which is not apparent at Pyramid and Lake of the Woods. The increase is driven by increased surface erosion in the two higher basins under cooler conditions, and with retreating treeline. The results suggest that the sensitivity of alpine and subalpine basins is both temporally and spatially contingent. The links between climate change, process change and variation in sediment yield are not simple, rather they is mediated by a series of 'resistances'. The variability in sediment yield was compared with the variable nature of the catchments and four important controls were identified: Sediment production, vegetation, relief, and the extent of fluvial development in the catchment. Maximum sensitivity was observed in steep ecotonal sites with a well developed fluvial system.

Holocene patterns of sediment yield reconstructed from sediments in four lakes are used to assess the geomorphic sensitivity of four alpine-subalpine basins in Cathedral Provincial Park, British Columbia. A three stage process was used to assess basin sensitivity. Stage one involved appraisal of the potential generalisability over the landscape of the results to be derived from the lake basins. The four lakes, Quiniscoe , Glacier, Pyramid and Lake of the Woods lie at or just below treeline. Glacier, Pyramid and Quiniscoe lakes lie in cirque basins. Slope frequency analyses show that whilst slopes in these basins are representative of those in the cirques of Cathedral park they differ significantly from the wider landscape. Stage two of the process involved identification of Holocene variability in the sediment yield record. Cores from each of the lakes were correlated using magnetic susceptibility measurements and lithostratigraphy to define chronostratigraphic units. The mass of allochthonous mineral sediment deposited in each of these units was estimated using measured sediment density, carbonate content, loss on ignition, and biogenic silica. Sediment yield to the lake for each unit was calculated based on dating of zone boundaries, estimates of trap efficiency, and the mineral mass estimate. In order to identify significant variations in the record, a new method was developed for estimating error associated sediment yield estimates derived from lake sediments. Sediment yield estimates were compared with the published Holocene climate record to make an initial assessment of sensitivity. Stage three involved discriminating between true sensitivity to climate change in the record and coincidental correlation. The approach was to identify process linkages between the observed changes in sediment yield and the climate change record. Two methods of inferring process were used. Firstly process change was inferred directly from the sedimentology of the lake sediments. Secondly magnetic and mineralogical characterisations of lake and catchment sediments were used to identify changing sediment sources. The results show considerable variability in the patterns of Holocene sediment yield amongst the study basins. In particular, Glacier and Quiniscoe Lakes show a marked increase in sediment yield under cooler conditions ca. 3390 BP, which is not apparent at Pyramid and Lake of the Woods. The increase is driven by increased surface erosion in the two higher basins under cooler conditions, and with retreating treeline. The results suggest that the sensitivity of alpine and subalpine basins is both temporally and spatially contingent. The links between climate change, process change and variation in sediment yield are not simple, rather they is mediated by a series of 'resistances'. The variability in sediment yield was compared with the variable nature of the catchments and four important controls were identified: Sediment production, vegetation, relief, and the extent of fluvial development in the catchment. Maximum sensitivity was observed in steep ecotonal sites with a well developed fluvial system. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate