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The interaction of active molybdenum field emission microcathode arrays with oxygen, water, carbon dioxide, methane, hydrogen and helium gases was studied. Experiments were setup to measure the emission characteristics as a function of gas exposures. The resulting changes in the surface work function of the tips were determined from the Fowler-Nordheim plots. The kinetics of the FEA-gas interaction were studied by observing the ion species originating from the array during and after gas exposures with a high resolution quadrupole mass spectrometer. With the work function data and the mass spectrometry information, the mechanisms responsible for emission degradation and subsequent device recovery after exposures have been determined. The data obtained was used in estimating the device lifetimes under various vacuum environments. Also it was found that the gas exposure effects are similar in dc and pulsed modes of operation of the arrays, thus permitting the use of dc mode testing as an effective acceleration method in establishing the device lifetimes under various vacuum conditions. The vacuum conditions required for the long term emission current stability and reliability of vacuum microelectronic devices employing FEAs are established. Exposure of Mo field emitter arrays to oxygen bearing species like oxygen, water and carbon dioxide resulted in serious emission current degradation. Whereas, exposure to methane and hydrogen caused a significant increase in emission current. The control of residual gases like 02, C02 and H20 in the vacuum envelope is essential for the emission current stability and long term reliability of vacuum microelectronic devices employing field emission microcathode technology.

Nous nous intéressons dans cette thèse à un aspect assez peu documenté de l'histoire de la théorie de la relativité restreinte, la recherche d'une vérification expérimentale de ses prédictions sur la variation de l'inertie en fonction de leur vitesse. Nous complétons les études historiques antérieures sur les expériences de Kaufmann (1906) et de Bucherer (1908), et montrons que la vérification de la formule de Lorentz-Einstein constitue encore un enjeu expérimental après 1911. Nous étudions plus particulièrement les recherches dirigées par Charles-Eugène Guye en collaboration avec ses étudiants Simon Ratnowsky (1907-1910) et Charles Lavanchy (1913-1915). Nous montrons que la seconde phase de ce travail est très largement considérée dans les années 1920 comme la vérifiation expérimentale la plus précise de la formule de Lorentz-Einstein. Nous utilisons la méthode de réplication, appliquée à l'expérience de Guye et Lavanchy. La très grande maîtrise de l'émission cathodique, associée à une méthode d'investigation spécifique, leur permet de surmonter toutes les difficultés identifiées alors comme préjudiciables au succès de ce type d'expérience. / We focus on an aspect of the history of special relativity theory that has not received much attention yet, namely the search for an experimental verification of the relativistic velocity dependency of inertia. Former historical studies on Kaufmann's 1906 and Bucherer's 1908 experiments are pursued. It is shown that verifying Lorentz-Einstein's formula is still a challenge after 1911. We concentrate here on Charles-Eugène Guye's works with students Simon Ratnowsky (1907-1910) and Charles Lavanchy (1913-1915). The second experiment is shown to be considered as the most precise verification of Lorentz-Einstein's formula by a large number of 1920s physicists. The replication method is used to probe Guye and Lavanchy's experiment. They are able to solve every then known difficulty in successfully performing such an experiment, through a great mastership of the crucial issue of cathode ray emission, together with a specific investigation method.