The early modern age was a period of great discoveries, formulation of new ideas and new methods for scientific inquiry. It was also a time of increased travel within Europe among nobility and people of learning. In this essay a number of Swedish learned men are followed in their journeys, through their own diaries and autobiographies, to centers of learning in England, France, Italy and other countries. The essay investigates how the journeys reflect the formation of academic and scientific institutions in Europe, such as scientific societies and journals, and experimental practices. It also studies the nature of personal interactions and the mechanics of international social networks, and the role of travelers in this context. It also looks at how Sweden, as a country in the periphery of Europe, could take advantage of this kind of international travel and become part of the new developments on the continent.

Fresh beef packaged in high-oxygen modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) has longer red color stability than beef in oxygen-permeable polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film. However, fresh beef in high oxygen becomes rancid by 10 days storage at 2°C. Thus the objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of various antioxidants (milk mineral, MM; sodium tripolyphosphate, STP; vitamin E, E) on color and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values of ground chuck stored in 80% oxygen MAP for 14 days at 1° C. A preliminary experiment was also done to determine the effect of raw meat history (surface area during storage and storage temperature) on stability of ground beef in 80% oxygen MAP. For the preliminary experiment, select beef clods ( 48 hrs postmortem) were cut 11 into trim or coarsely ground and stored frozen or at 2°C in vacuum packaging (VP) for 30 days. Raw meat was then finely ground and wrapped in PVC film or in 80% oxygen. For experiment 2, fresh beef clods were coarsely ground and antioxidants (0.75 or 1.5% MM; 0.25 or 0.5% STP; 50 or J 00 ppm vitamin E) were added, followed by fine grounding and packaging in 80% oxygen MAP. Thiobarbituric acid assay was performed as a measure of rancidity. Hunter color L*, a*, b* values were measured on raw samples through the packaging film. Trim history greatly affected stability of beef in 80% oxygen MAP. VP refrigerated trim yielded ground beef with low oxidative and color stability compared to frozen trim. In comparison of antioxidants, 0.75% MM gave highest redness values (13-15) and lowest TBA values (< 0.5) after storage of ground beef in 80% oxygen MAP for J 4 days. STP-treated beef also had low TBA values(< 0.5) at 14 days storage but samples were less red (a* of J 0-J 2) than MM- treated samples. Samples with E were slightly better than controls, with redness values of 7.9 and J0.8, respectively. Thus, iron-chelating agents (MM and STP) were very effective for preventing rancidity and improving color stability in ground beef packaged in a high oxygen atmosphere.

<p>Neutral two- and three-pion productions in proton-proton collisions at a center of mass energy of 2.465 GeV have been studied using the WASA detector and an internal pellet target at the CELSIUS storage ring in Uppsala. An important part of the detector for the measurments was a central electromagnetic calorimeter composed of 1012 CsI crystals, which measured the photons originating from neutral pion decays. Test measurements and calibration procedures for this detector part were carried out. An important part of the analysis was the identification of the neutral pions from the invariant mass of the decay gammas and the use of Monte Carlo simulations to understand the detector responds.</p><p>Total cross sections for the pp→ppπ⁰π⁰ and pp→ppπ⁰π⁰π⁰ reactions are presented as well as distributions of relevant kinematical variables for the pp→ppπ⁰π⁰ reaction.</p><p>The distributions show significant deviations from phase space predictions. These deviations are typical for resonance production. The excitation of two simultaneous Δ resonances seems to be the main reaction mechanism. </p>

Neutral two- and three-pion productions in proton-proton collisions at a center of mass energy of 2.465 GeV have been studied using the WASA detector and an internal pellet target at the CELSIUS storage ring in Uppsala. An important part of the detector for the measurments was a central electromagnetic calorimeter composed of 1012 CsI crystals, which measured the photons originating from neutral pion decays. Test measurements and calibration procedures for this detector part were carried out. An important part of the analysis was the identification of the neutral pions from the invariant mass of the decay gammas and the use of Monte Carlo simulations to understand the detector responds. Total cross sections for the pp→ppπ0π0 and pp→ppπ0π0π0 reactions are presented as well as distributions of relevant kinematical variables for the pp→ppπ0π0 reaction. The distributions show significant deviations from phase space predictions. These deviations are typical for resonance production. The excitation of two simultaneous Δ resonances seems to be the main reaction mechanism.

This diploma thesis deals with the design of temperature sensor and display units, which communicate via a WLAN network. The theoretical part provides an overview of various methods of temperature measurement including several specific types of temperature sensors, and also introduces the WLAN standard as well as TCP and UDP protocols. The design solution is focuses first on the system architecture and design of the communication protocol, followed by the implementation of both types of equipment, starting with selection of components, through design diagrams and printed circuit board patterns, up to production and commissioning. The following parts of this thesis deal with the design of programs for the controlling microcontroller units of both units and the configuration application for PC.