In well cementing, the cement slurry is exposed to the conditions far different than those of ordinary Portland cement (PC) used in construction. After placement, hardened cement paste should preserve integrity and provide zonal isolation through the life of the well. American Petroleum Institute (API) Class G cement is the most common cement type used in various well conditions. Class G cement has a high degree of sulfate resistance which makes it more stable than PC when subjected to the compulsive well conditions. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) blended cement has a long history of use in the construction industry, but is not extensively used in well cementing applications. This study presents an experimental program to investigate the applicability of CEM I and GGBFS blended cement pastes in the well cementing industry. Class G cement and blends of CEM I and GGBFS with the proportions (80:20), (60:40), (40:60) and (20:80) are prepared with same water/cement ratio (0.44) as restricted for Class G cement in API Specification 10A to be tested. The cement pastes are cured for ages of 1 day, 7 days and 28 days at 80

Thesis (M.A.)--Guo li Zheng zhi da xue. / Cover title. Mimeo, copy. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)-- Guo li Zheng zhi da xue. / Cover title. Mimeo, copy. Includes bibliography.

Η παρακάτω διπλωματική εργασία περιλαμβάνει την περιγραφή των εργασιών που πραγματοποιήθηκαν κατά τον εκσυγχρονισμό του συστήματος αυτοματισμού των σιλό φαρίνας Δ και Ε. Αρχικά περιγράφεται περιληπτικά η διαδικασία παραγωγής του τσιμέντου και ο ρόλος των σιλό φαρίνας Δ και Ε στη γραμμή παραγωγής. Στη συνέχεια αναλύεται η μετάβαση από τον κλασσικό αυτοματισμό στη χρήση Προγραμματιζόμενου Λογικού Ελεγκτή (PLC) και αναφέρονται οι σημαντικότερες αλλαγές που συνέβησαν. Το επόμενο κομμάτι της εργασίας αναφέρεται στο διάγραμμα ροής του συγκροτήματος φαρίνας ΠΚ4 και ΠΚ5 όπου παρατίθεται σχετικό σχεδιάγραμμα με τη ροή του υλικού ενώ επιπροσθέτως περιγράφεται η λειτουργία όλων των μηχανών που περιλαμβάνονται σ’ αυτό. Έπειτα γίνεται μετάβαση στη λογική αυτοματισμού που αναπτύχθηκε από τους μηχανικούς αυτοματισμού του εργοστασίου όπου περιγράφονται όλες οι είσοδοι και οι έξοδοι του PLC, το πρόγραμμα που χρησιμοποιήθηκε και ο κώδικας προγράμματος που δημιουργήθηκε. Αμέσως μετά γίνεται ξεχωριστή αναφορά στο μιμητικό διάγραμμα (SCADA) με παράθεση των εικόνων που το αποτελούν και επεξήγηση όλων των ενδείξεων και επιλογών που περιλαμβάνει. Στη συνέχεια αναφέρονται τα δίκτυα που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για τον έλεγχο της μονάδας των σιλό Δ και Ε, δηλαδή το βιομηχανικό δίκτυο Profibus και το δίκτυο Ethernet, όπου περιγράφεται ο τρόπος επικοινωνίας των χειριστών της μονάδας με τις μηχανές της διεργασίας. Το τελευταίο τμήμα της εργασίας περιλαμβάνει την βήμα προς βήμα περιγραφή των εργασιών ως την ολοκλήρωση του έργου, τη διαδικασία του τελικού ελέγχου του έργου καθώς και μια σύντομη αναφορά στη συμμετοχή του φοιτητή σε τμήμα των παραπάνω εργασιών. Η διπλωματική εργασία κλείνει με την παράθεση των πηγών καθώς και ορισμένων συμπληρωματικών παραρτημάτων. / The following thesis includes a description of the work carried out during the modernization of the automation system of raw meal silo D and E. Firstly it is described briefly the production process of cement and the role of raw meal silo D and E on the production line. Afterwards the transition from classical automation to the use of a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and some of the most significant changes occurred are analyzed. In the next chapter it is reported the complex flow of raw meal PK4 and PK5 citing a diagram with the flow of material and furthermore the operation of all machinery therein is described. Following there is a shift in the automation logic developed by automation engineers of the factory describing all inputs and outputs of the PLC, the program used and the program code created. A separate reference to mimetic diagram (SCADA) follows including the images that constitute it and an explanation of all the indications and options included. The next chapter includes the networks used for the control unit of the silo D and E, which are the Profibus industrial network and the network Ethernet, where it is described the way in which the operator of the plant contacts with the machinery of the process. The last part of the thesis includes step-by-step the description of the works as the project is completed, the process of final verification of the project and a brief reference to the student’s involvement. The thesis concludes with a statement of sources and some additional annexes.

Resource recovery is an attractive alternative to the waste disposal problem. The chief by-product of this process, refuse derived fuel (RDF) can be co-fired in traditional coal burning facilities. The cement industry is a potential user of RDF. This study, based on a test burn done at Texas Industries Inc. in Midlothian, Texas, demonstrated the technical, environmental, and economic feasibility of using RDF fuel in a cement kiln. Technically, the cement showed no deleterious effects when RDF was substituted for coal/natural gas at 20% by Btu content. Environmentally, acid rain gases were reduced. Economically, RDF was shown to be a cost effective fuel substitute if a resource recovery facility was erected on site.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo geral delinear o atual panorama de gerenciamento de resíduo de construção e demolição (RCD) e a geração de resíduos de gesso (RGs) no estado do Paraná, identificando as principais potencialidades de aproveitamento do resíduo de gesso no que se refere à logística reversa. Paralelamente realizou-se o diagnóstico do gerenciamento de RCD e RG nos 20 maiores municípios geradores de resíduo do estado do PR, por meio da aplicação de questionários auto preenchidos. O RCD da cidade de Cascavel foi caracterizado segundo NBR 10.004 e o RG, por sua vez foi caracterizado quanto às propriedades físico-químicas (Composição Química, Massa específica, Massa unitária, Análise Granulométrica, Análise Termogravimétrica, e Absorção de Água). Por meio de levantamento bibliográfico fez-se a compilação dos principais estudos voltados ao aproveitamento/reciclagem do RG. Com base no levantamento sobre os potenciais receptores de resíduos de gesso no Estado Paraná, que poderiam absorver os RGs como matéria-prima, foram projetados fluxos para a logística reversa do gesso, sendo realizada a análise econômica para o aproveitamento do RG como matéria-prima na produção de cimento. Com base no estudo realizado, o panorama de gerenciamento de RCD no estado do Paraná leva a concluir que o gerenciamento de RCD ainda é um desafio. Na maioria dos municípios somente uma parte dos RCDs é coletada e encaminhada a unidades de disposição adequadas. A reciclagem de RCD é incipiente e as políticas voltadas ao gerenciamento de RCD estão em fase de amadurecimento. Em relação aos RGs, não há separação deste resíduo e a logística reversa seguida de reaproveitamento/reciclagem é praticamente inexistente. A amostragem dos RCDs gerados no município de Cascavel demonstrou uma composição de RCD parecido com a maioria dos municípios brasileiros (“Classe A” 86,29 %; “Classe B” 12,36%; “Classe C” 0,29 % e “Classe D” 1,05 %). Em relação à caracterização do RG comum e acartonado, os resultados indicam que RG possuem propriedades físico-químicas compatíveis com a matéria-prima natural (Gipsita), o qual pode ser reaproveitado como material de construção a partir de processos simples de tratamento. Entre as principais formas de reaproveitamento/reciclagem identificadas no presente estudo, a utilização como matéria-prima na indústria do cimento é a alternativa mais concreta no momento, já que as cimenteiras demonstram interesse na utilização desse material. Paralelamente esta alternativa possui mercado consumidor certo (cimenteiras) que demanda grandes volumes. No entanto, existe a necessidade de uma regularidade no envio das cargas de RG às cimenteiras, com garantia de fornecimento desse material, em volume e periodicidade de envio. Nesse sentido, maiores volumes sendo recebidos e processados poderiam diluir os custos e reduzir o preço da tonelada do gesso reciclado, o que demonstra que a necessidade de se trabalhar com regiões, bem como considerar a alternativa do reaproveitamento local. / The present study, had as general objective to design the current construction and demolition waste (CDW) and the generation of gypsum waste (WG) in the state of Paraná, identifying the main potential of the use of plaster residue in relation to reverse logistics. At the same time, the diagnosis of CDW and GW management was carried out in the 20 largest municipalities that generate waste in the State of Paraná, through the application of self-filled questionnaires.The CDW of Cascavel was characterized according to NBR 10.004 and the WG, was characterized as physicochemical properties (Chemical Composition, Specific Mass, Unit Mass, Particle Size Analysis, Thermogravimetric Analysis, and Water Absorption). Through a bibliographical survey was made the compilation of the main studies related to the use / recycling of the GW. Based on the survey on the potential receptors for WG in the State of Paraná, which could absorb GW as feedstock, was elaborated flows for the reverse logistics of gypsum, made the economic analysis for the use of WG as raw material in the production of cement. Based on the study, the CDW management landscape in the state of Paraná leads to the conclusion that the management of CDW is still a challenge in the state. In most municipalities only a portion of the CDW are collected and destined to adequate disposal units, and CDW recycling is incipient and the policies aimed at the management of CDW are in the process of maturing. There is no separation of GW and reverse logistics followed by reuse / recycling is practically non-existent. The CDW sampling generated in the municipality of Cascavel showed an CWD composition similar to most Brazilian municipalities (Class A 86.29%, Class B 12.36%, Class C 0.29% and Class D 1.05%).In relation to the characterization of the WG, the results indicate that have physicochemical properties compatible with the natural Gypsum, which can be reused as construction material from simple treatment processes. Among the main forms of reuse / recycling identified in the present study, the use as in the cement industry is the best alternative at the moment, since the cement plants show interest in the use of this material and are located in regions close to the generation sites studied here. At the same time, this alternative has a certain consumer market (cement industries) that demands large volumes. Economic viability studies have demonstrated that the WG processing received in Cascavel for use in cement manufacturing may be a viable alternative.However, there is a need for regularity in the send of WG loads to cement plants, with a guarantee of supply of this material, in volume and periodicity of shipment. In this sense, larger volumes being received and processed could dilute costs and reduce the price of the tonne of recycled gypsum, which demonstrates the need to work with regions as well as consider the alternative of local reuse.

Orientador: Michael McDonald Hall / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / O exemplar do AEL pertence a Coleção CPDS / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T03:26:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Chaves_MarceloAntonio_M.pdf: 6305404 bytes, checksum: e3f6fa0bc74689f8cb5eaf07e7e5c282 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A primeira grande fábrica de cimento do país, inaugurada em 1926, no bairro de Perus, em São Paulo, determina o recorte temático desta dissertação. As circunstâncias de sua instalação, a articulação com outros empreendimentos ¿ indústria de cal e transporte ferroviário -, a produção de uma mercadoria fundamental para a expansão urbana ¿ o cimento - e o singular processo de produção/trabalho da fábrica, introduzem a escrita. Entretanto, o enfoque privilegiado e articulador deste trabalho é a reflexão sobre os diversos aspectos da vida dos trabalhadores da fábrica e das pedreiras, onde o momento da produção e da reprodução da força de trabalho se confundem. Meu trabalho é fundamentado, principalmente, em fontes documentais primárias, destacando-se a exposição, cruzamento e análise de dados extraídos de 1500 fichas de trabalhadores. Assim, procuro identificar as condições de vida e de trabalho das primeiras gerações de trabalhadores da fábrica de cimento, entre os anos de 1925 e 1947: migração e imigração, nacionais e estrangeiros, negros e brancos, grau de instrução, salários, estabilidade no emprego, acidentes de trabalho, entre outros. Além de expor inúmeros dados empíricos que revelam mais detalhes daquele rico período da história do Brasil, nesta pesquisa, tem destaque também a conflituosa e ambígua trajetória de criação do primeiro sindicato dos trabalhadores, em 1933, buscando, através dela, problematizar e ilustrar a não menos ambígua e complexa história dos primeiros momentos de instalação do sindicalismo oficial no Brasil / Abstract: The first great cement factory of Brazil, inaugurated in 1926 in the neighbourhood of Perus, in São Paulo, determines the thematic focus of this dissertation. The circumstances of its construction, its articulation with other enterprises ¿ limestone industry and railroad transport -, the production of a basic element for the urban expansion - cement - and the singular production/work process of the factory open the writing. However, the main focus of this work is a reflection on the diverse aspects of the life of workers from the factory and from the quarries, where the moments of production and of reproduction of the work force blend in with one another. My work is based mainly in primary documentary sources, emphasizing the exposition, comparing and analysis of data extracted from 1500 worker¿s profile records. Thus, I try to identify the life and work conditions of the first generations of workers from the cement factory between the years of 1925 and 1947: migration and immigration; natives and foreigners; black and white; degree of instruction; wages; stability in the job; industrial accidents, among others. Besides displaying innumerable empirical data which disclose more details about that rich period of Brazil¿s history, this research also highlights the conflicting and ambiguous trajectory of the creation of the first workers trade union, in 1933, attempting through that to discuss and illustrate the not less ambiguous and complex history of the first moments of the institution of the official unionism in Brazil / Mestrado / Historia Social do Trabalho / Mestre em História Social do Trabalho

The New Deal legislation of the 1930s would threaten Dallas' peaceful industrial appearance. In fact, New Deal programs and legislation did have an effect on the city, albeit an unbalanced mixture of positive and negative outcomes characterized by frustrated workers and industrial intimidation. To summarize, the New Deal did not bring a revolution, but it did continue an evolutionary change for reform. This dissertation investigated several issues pertaining to the development of the textile industry, cement industry, and the Ford automobile factory in Dallas and its labor history before, during, and after the New Deal. New Deal legislation not only created an avenue for industrial workers to achieve better representation but also improved their working conditions. Specifically focusing on the textile, cement, and automobile industries illustrates that the development of union representation is a spectrum, with one end being the passive but successful cement industry experience and the other end being the automobile industry union efforts, which were characterized by violence and intimidation. These case studies illustrate the changing relationship between Dallas labor and the federal government as well as their local management. Challenges to the open shop movement in Dallas occurred before the creation of the New Deal, but it was New Deal legislation that encouraged union developers to recruit workers actively in Dallas. Workers' demands, New Deal industrial regulations, and union activism created a more urban, modern Dallas that would be solidified through the industrial demands for World War II.