Purpose: To evaluate the incidence of central hole-induced ring-shaped dysphotopsia after posterior chamber phakic implantable collamer lens (ICL) with central hole (hole ICL) implantation and to investigate the causes of central hole-induced dysphotopsia. MethodsThe clinical study enrolled 29 eyes of 15 consecutive myopic patients implanted with hole ICL. The incidence of ring-shaped dysphotopsia after hole ICL implantation was evaluated. In the experimental simulation study, non-sequential ray tracing was used to construct myopic human eye models with hole ICL and ICL without a central hole (conventional ICL). Simulated retinal images measured in log-scale irradiance were compared between the two ICLs for an extended Lambertian light-emitting disc object 20cm in diameter placed 2m from the corneal vertex. To investigate the causes of hole-induced dysphotopsia, a series of retinal images were simulated using point sources at infinity with well-defined field angles (0 to -20 degrees) and multiple ICL models. ResultsOf 29 eyes, 15 experienced ring-shaped dysphotopsia after hole ICL implantation. The simulation study using an extended Lambertian source showed that hole ICL-evoked ring-shaped dysphotopsia was formed at a retinal field angle of 40 degrees. Component-level analysis using a well-defined off-axis point source from infinity revealed that ring-shaped dysphotopsia was generated by stray light refraction from the inner wall of the hole and the posterior ICL surface. ConclusionHole ICL-evoked ring-shaped dysphotopsia was related to light refraction at the central hole structure. Surgeons are advised to explain to patients the possibility of ring-shaped dysphotopsia after hole ICL implantation.

Submitted by Kilvya Braga (kilvyabraga@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-25T13:18:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ LIRA BRAGA NETO - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEM) 2015.pdf: 3214305 bytes, checksum: ec9752a773a381a36000f3a5daa3933a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-25T13:18:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ LIRA BRAGA NETO - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEM) 2015.pdf: 3214305 bytes, checksum: ec9752a773a381a36000f3a5daa3933a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-30 / Capes / Com o avanço tecnológico as propriedades exigidas aos materiais. Os materiais compósitos, que têm uma ampla aplicação nos mais variados setores. Por outro lado, o desempenho dos compósitos é fortemente dependentes da interface matriz-fibra e consequentemente da distribuição e orientação das fibras. A Mecânica da Fratura é o campo da Mecânica que utiliza métodos analíticos e experimentais para descrever o comportamento de sólidos e estruturas com descontinuidades geométricas frente a solicitações mecânicas. Este trabalho tem por objetivo de analisar e avaliar as propriedades mecânicas em compósitos de fibra de vidro e resina poliéster com descontinuidades geométricas (furo central e com variação da distância entre os furos). A caracterização desses materiais foi realizada através de ensaios de tração uniaxial e tenacidade à fratura. Dessa forma, foram observados os valores da tensão máxima de ruptura para os laminados sem furo, com furo central e furos com variação do espaçamento entre os furos, bem como a característica final da fratura. Para a avaliação da possível influência da presença dos furos centrais e a variação da distância entre os furos, a resistência mecânica foi determinada para cada caso. Verificou-se também que o fator de concentração de tensão, como era de se esperar, variou com a distância entre os furos nos compósitos estudados. Os resultados obtidos comprovam que a presença da descontinuidade geométrica tem efeito danoso nas propriedades mecânicas do material, principalmente quando aumentou o diâmetro do furo central de 6 mm para 12 mm de diâmetro. Quanto ao comportamento à fratura dos compósitos estudados, verificou-se uma fratura final do tipo LGM (Lateral e no Meio do Galgo) para os furos centrais de 6 e 12 mm e com a variação da distância entre os furos de 12 e 48 mm de distância, já para a variação da distância entre os furos de 6,2 mm de distância foi AGM (Angular e no Meio do Galgo). No ensaio de tenacidade à fratura as condições exigidas não foram satisfeitas, portanto os fatores de intensidade de tensão KQ (críticos) determinados não podem ser considerados valores de KIC. Portanto, são dependentes da geometria dos corpos de prova usados. / With technological advancement the properties required of conventional materials have changed leading to the appearance of materials capable of meeting the desired requirements of new technologies. One is composite materials, which have a wide application in various sectors. On the other hand, the performance of the composite is strongly dependent on the matrix-fiber interface and hence the distribution and orientation of fibers. The Fracture Mechanics is the field of mechanics that uses analytical and experimental methods to describe the behavior of solids and structures with geometrical discontinuities in against mechanical stress. This field appears as a solid foundation for analyzing the behavior of the morphology of composites. This paper analyzes and evaluate the mechanical properties of composite of glass and polyester resin with geometrical discontinuities in (center hole and change of distance between the holes). The characterization was carried out by uniaxial tensile tests and fracture toughness. Thus they observed values of maximum stress at break for the laminates without holes, with a central hole and holes with varying spacing between the holes and the final characteristic of the fracture. To evaluate the possible influence of the presence of the central holes and the variation of the distance between the holes, the mechanical strength was determined for each case. There was also the factor of stress concentration, as was to be expected, it varies with the distance between the holes in the studied composites. The results obtained show that the presence of geometric discontinuity has harmful effect on the mechanical properties of the material, especially when the increased diameter of the central hole of 6 mm to 12 mm in diameter. The behavior to fracture of the studied composites, presented the final fracture of the LGM type (Side and Middle Greyhound) for central holes 6 and 12 mm and with the change of distance between holes 12 and 48 mm away, as for the change of distance between the holes of 6.2 mm away was AGM (Angle and Half Greyhound). The fracture toughness of the bulk composite, for two different thicknesses of plates (8 and 10 mm nominal values), was not satisfactory service for predicting the fracture of composites containing the concentrators strain studied.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:57:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SergioRLT_TESE_Capa_ate_pag58.pdf: 1954386 bytes, checksum: d88b3653eaeaeec9f2c0ce6f5549f9ef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-07 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The growing demand in the use of composite materials necessitates a better understanding of its behavior related to many conditions of loading and service, as well as under several ways of connections involved in mechanisms of structural projects. Within these project conditions are highlighted the presence of geometrical discontinuities in the area of cross and longitudinal sections of structural elements and environmental conditions of work like UV radiation, moisture, heat, leading to a decrease in final mechanical response of the material. In this sense, this thesis aims to develop studies detailed (experimental and semi-empirical models) the effects caused by the presence of geometric discontinuity, more specifically, a central hole in the longitudinal section (with reduced cross section) and the influence of accelerated environmental aging on the mechanical properties and fracture mechanism of FGRP composite laminates under the action of uniaxial tensile loads. Studies on morphological behavior and structural degradation of composite laminates are performed by macroscopic and microscopic analysis of affected surfaces, in addition to evaluation by the Measurement technique for mass variation (TMVM). The accelerated environmental aging conditions are simulated by aging chamber. To study the simultaneous influence of aging/geometric discontinuity in the mechanical properties of composite laminates, a semiempirical model is proposed and called IE/FCPM Model. For the stress concentration due to the central hole, an analisys by failures criteria were performed by Average-Stress Criterion (ASC) and Point-Stress Criterion (PSC). Two polymeric composite laminates, manufactured industrially were studied: the first is only reinforced by short mats of fiberglass-E (LM) and the second where the reinforced by glass fiber/E comes in the form of bidirectional fabric (LT). In the conception configurations of laminates the anisotropy is crucial to the final mechanical response of the same. Finally, a comparative study of all parameters was performed for a better understanding of the results. How conclusive study, the characteristics of the final fracture of the laminate under all conditions that they were subjected, were analyzed. These analyzes were made at the macroscopic level (scanner) microscope (optical and scanning electron). At the end of the analyzes, it was observed that the degradation process occurs similarly for each composite researched, however, the LM composite compared to composite LT (configurations LT 0/90? and LT ?45?) proved to be more susceptible to loss of mechanical properties in both regarding with the central hole as well to accelerated environmental aging / A crescente demanda na utiliza??o dos materiais comp?sitos torna imprescind?vel uma melhor compreens?o do seu comportamento frente ?s mais diversas condi??es de carga e servi?o, bem como sob as variadas formas de conex?es envolvendo mecanismos nos projetos estruturais. Dentro dessas condi??es de projeto destaque se faz para a presen?a de descontinuidades geom?tricas na ?rea de se??es transversal e ou longitudinal dos elementos estruturais, assim como, condi??es ambientais de servi?o como a radia??o UV, a umidade, o calor, que levam a um decr?scimo na resposta mec?nica final do material. Neste sentido, essa tese tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de estudos (experimental e modelos semi-emp?ricos) detalhados dos efeitos causados pela presen?a de descontinuidade geom?trica, mais especificamente um furo conc?ntrico na se??o longitudinal (com redu??o da se??o transversal), assim como, da influ?ncia do envelhecimento ambiental acelerado nas propriedades mec?nicas e mecanismo de fratura de laminados comp?sitos de PRFV sob a a??o de cargas uniaxiais de tra??o. Estudos referentes ao comportamento morfol?gico e de degrada??o estrutural dos laminados comp?sitos s?o realizados, atrav?s de an?lises macrosc?picas e microsc?picas das superf?cies afetadas, al?m da avalia??o mediante a T?cnica de Media??o de Varia??o de Massa (TMVM). As condi??es de envelhecimento ambiental acelerado ser?o simuladas atrav?s da c?mara de envelhecimento. Para avalia??o da influ?ncia simult?nea do envelhecimento/descontinuidade geom?trica nas propriedades mec?nicas dos laminados comp?sitos, um modelo semi-empirico ? proposto e denominado de Modelo IE/FCPM. Para o caso da presen?a da concentra??o de tens?o devido ao furo conc?ntrico, a mesma ? avaliada a partir do uso dos crit?rios de falhas da Tens?o M?dia (Average-Stress Criterion) e da Tens?o Pontual (Point-Stress Criterion). Dois laminados comp?sitos polim?ricos, confeccionados industrialmente, foram estudados: o primeiro ? unicamente refor?ado com mantas de fibras curtas de vidro/E (LM) e o segundo onde o refor?o de fibras de vidro/E vem na forma de tecido bidirecional (LT). Na concep??o das configura??es dos laminados a presen?a da anisotropia ? fundamental para a resposta mec?nica final dos mesmos. Por fim, um estudo comparativo entre todos os par?metros foi realizado para uma melhor compreens?o dos resultados. Como estudo conclusivo, as caracter?sticas da fratura final dos laminados sob todas as condi??es que os mesmos foram submetidos, foram analisadas. Essas an?lises foram feitas em n?veis macrosc?pico (scanner) microsc?pico (?ptico e eletr?nico de varredura). Ao t?rmino das an?lises foi observado que o processo de degrada??o se d? de forma semelhante para cada comp?sito pesquisado, no entanto, o laminado comp?sito LM quando comparado ?s configura??es LT 0/90? e LT ?45? do laminado comp?sito LT, se mostrou mais suscept?vel a perda de propriedades mec?nicas tanto em rela??o ? presen?a do furo conc?ntrico como em rela??o ao envelhecimento ambiental acelerado