Plusieurs indices nous portent à croire que le tremblement essentiel (TE) soit relié à un trouble neurodégénératif du cervelet. Une collaboration avec les neurologues Dr Ali et Alex Rajput nous a permis d’obtenir une banque d’échantillons post-mortems de cervelets : 14 de patients atteints du TE, 15 de patients atteints de la maladie de Parkinson (MP) et 20 de sujets témoins. Plusieurs maladies neurodégénératives sont caractérisées par une accumulation d’agrégats protéiques. Nous avons donc évalué dans le cervelet de ces groupes la présence de protéinopathies classiques telles que la synucléinopathie, la protéinopathie « TAR DNA binding protein 43 » (TDP-43) et la taupathie, que l’on retrouve chez des maladies neurodégénératives classiques. J’ai effectué des immunobuvardages de type « Western » et mes analyses n’indiquent pas la présence d’une protéinopathie franche dans le TE, outre une augmentation non significative de l’hyperphosphorylation de l’épitope AT100 de la protéine tau, un marqueur neuropathologique de la maladie d’Alzheimer (MA), chez les personnes atteintes de TE. / Various studies have led to the hypothesis that essential tremor (ET) is a syndrome resulting from a neurodegenerative process in the cerebellum. The collaboration with the neurologists, Dr Ali and Alex Rajput has allowed to a bank of post-mortem cerebellar cortices: 14 ET patients, 15 Parkinson disease (PD) patients and 20 control subjects. Most neurodegenerative diseases involve a proteinopathy, characterized by the accumulation of misfolded-proteins. I investigated common types of proteic abnormalities such as: synucleinopathies, « TAR DNA binding protein 43 » (TDP-43) and taupathies observed in classic neurodegenerative diseases, using Western immunoblotting. However, results do not indicate a distinctively the presence of a proteinopathy in ET cerebellum, except for a non-significant increase of tau epitopes AT100, a neuropathological marker of Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Adult neural precursor cells (NPCs) are a heterogeneous population of mitotically active, self-renewing multipotent cells of both adult and developing CNS. They can be expanded in vitro in the presence of mitogens. The B05 transgenic SCA1 mice, expressing human ataxin-1 with an expanded polyglutamine tract in cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs), recapitulate many pathological and behavioral characteristics of the neurodegenerative disease spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1), including progressive ataxia and PC loss. We transplanted neural precursor cells (NPCs) derived from the subventricular zone of GFP-expressing adult mice into the cerebellar white matter of SCA1 mice when they showed absent (5 weeks), initial (13 weeks) and significant PC loss (24 weeks). A stereological count demonstrates that mice with significant cell loss exhibit highest survival of grafted NPCs and migration to the vicinity of PCs as compared to wt and younger grafted animals. These animals showed improved motor skills as compared to sham animals. Confocal analysis and profiling shows that many of implanted cells present in the cerebellar cortex have formed gap junctions with host PCs and express connexin43. Grafted cells did not adopt characteristics of PCs, but stereological and morphometric analysis of the cerebellar cortex revealed that grafted animals had more surviving PCs and a better preserved morphology of these cells than the control groups. Perforated patch clamp recordings revealed a normalization of the PC basal membrane potential, which was abnormally depolarized in sham-treated animals. No significant increase in levels of several neurotrophic factors was observed, suggesting, along with morphological observation, that the neuroprotective effect of grafted NPCs was mediated by direct contact with the host PCs. In this study, evidence for a neuroprotective effect came, in addition to motor behavior improvement, from stereological and electrophysiological analyses and suggest that timing of stem cell delivery is important to determine its therapeutic effect.<p>In a brain stem cell niche, NSCs reside in a complex cellular and extracellular microenvironment comprising their own progeny, ependymal cells, numerous blood vessels and various extracellular matrix molecules. Recently, it was reported that blood vessel ECs-NSCs crosstalk plays an important role in tissue homeostasis. Bloodstream offers a natural delivery vehicle especially in case of diffuse neurodegenerative diseases which require widespread distribution of exogenous cells. As NSCs are confronted with blood-brain barrier endothelial cells (BBB-ECs) before they can enter into brain parenchyma, we investigated their interaction using primary cultures in an in vitro BBB model. We isolated human fetal neural precursor cells (hfNPCs) from aborted fetal brain tissues and expanded in vitro. We showed that in an in vitro model, human BBB endothelium induces the rapid differentiation of hfNPCs and allows them to cross the endothelial monolayer, with the differentiated progeny remaining in close contact with endothelial cells. These results are not reproduced when using a non-BBB endothelium and are partly dependent on the cytokine MCP1. Our data suggest that, in the presence of attractive signals released by a damaged brain, intravascularly administered NPCs can move across an intact BBB endothelium and differentiate in its vicinity. Overall, our findings have implications for the development of cellular therapies for cerebellar degenerative diseases and understanding of the brain stem cell niche. / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished