The management of women with mild and moderate dyskaryosis remains controversial. Any strategy must aim to be safe, efficient and cost effective. Two alternative strategies consist of immediate colposcopy for all women or a policy of cytological surveillance with colposcopy reserved for women with persistent dyskaryosis. Instead of a blanket policy for all women, selective approaches might be useful if accurate predictors of underlying high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) were identified. Finally the effective treatment of women is important to prevent the development of invasive cancer. Large Loop Excision of the Transformation Zone or LLETZ is a relatively new treatment modality which has rapidly been established as the preferred treatment for women with CIN but it's efficacy has not been studied beyond a period of six months. The core of the thesis is description of a large prospective randomised study carried out in the University of Aberdeen. This was a four year project sponsored by the charity Birthright (now Well-being). Nine hundred and two women with a single smear showing mild or moderate dyskaryosis were recruited and allocated in a random fashion to either an immediate treatment group and one of three surveillance groups with periods of up to 24 months before treatment. Outcome measurements included the cytological and histological results. The cost effectiveness of two alternate management strategies for women with mild dyskaryosis is also described. The use of social factors and virological tests as secondary screening techniques is examined to determine if they might select women with high grade disease. Finally, the outcome of treatment of women including 400 women from the Birthright study using large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) is assessed.