Since high-risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) plays a critical role in cervical carcinogenesis, it is essential to improve our understandings on the role of HPV-related molecular markers in cervical neoplasia. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and prognostic significance of selected HPV-related markers, including HPV16/18 E2 binding sites (E2BS) methylation, Pak 1, c-FLIP, Notch 1 and Brd4 expressions, as well as the potential functions of Pak 1 in cervical neoplasia. First, the differential expressions of these markers among clinical samples of normal cervical epithelium, low-grade and high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CINs) and cervical cancer were studied. Methylation status of E2BS 1, 2 and 4 was determined by pyrosequencing. Expressions of the target proteins were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Both HPV16/18 E2BS 1&2 and E2BS4 methylation progressively increased from normal cervix through CINs to cancer. More importantly, HPV16 E2BS1&2 (for transcriptional repression of E6/E7 oncoproteins) became more heavily methylated than E2BS4 (for transcriptional activation of E6/E7) in cervical cancer, favouring the differential binding of E2 protein to E2BS4. Pak 1, c-FLIP, Notch 1 and Brd4 were all overexpressed in cervical cancer. Their expressions increased progressively from normal cervix to low-grade +/- high-grade CINs. Pak 1 and c-FLIP expression was positively correlated with HPV18 E6 and HPV16 E7 expression respectively. Notch 1 expression was inversely correlated with HPV16 E7 and HPV18 E6 expressions. Brd4 expression was positively correlated with HPV16 E2 and inversely correlated with HPV16 E7 expressions. The prognostic significance of the molecular markers was investigated by correlation with clinical parameters. Heavier methylation at E2BS1&2 relative to E2BS4 was associated with better overall and disease-free survival in cervical cancer patients. HPV16 E2BS1&2 hypermethylation, weak cytoplasmic Brd4 expression, strong c-FLIP or Notch 1 expression were associated with higher risk of recurrent abnormal smears after treatment of CINs. The role of Pak 1 in cervical cancer was further explored by comparing its functions between cervical cancer cell lines with and without transient knock-down of Pak 1 by siRNAs. It was demonstrated that the significant functions of Pak 1 in cervical cancer were on promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. Transient HPV16 E6 inhibition showed no effect on total / phosphorylated Pak 1 expressions. Lastly, the function of Pak 1 on the regulation of cervical cancer cell radiosensitivity was also investigated. Pak 1 inhibition increased cell sensitivity in response to irradiation by enhancing apoptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation. Conclusively, differential methylation status at HPV16/18 E2BS, as well as Pak 1, c-FLIP, Notch 1 and Brd4 proteins contribute to cervical carcinogenesis, and are potential prognostic markers in cervical cancer and CIN patients. Pak 1 inhibitor may be a potential adjunctive agent to improve radiotherapy. / published_or_final_version / Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Not available / text

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 182-218).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 182-218) Also available in print.

Thesis (doctoral)--Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen.

Thesis (MTech (Biomedical Technology))--Cape Technikon, Cape Town, 2002 / Infection \\'ith specific high risk human papilloma"iruses (HPV) has been shown to play a causal role in the development of ceJVical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cenical cancer in women. The development of a prophylactic vaccine to immull.ize women against HPV infection would play a \'ita! role in protecting women against HPV infection and ultimately ceMcal cancer. Despite cancer of the cer\'ix being the second most common cancer in South African women, a literature search reveals that few studies have been performed in South Africa on the types of HPV prevalent in women with CIN or cancer ofthe ceMx. HPVs that infect the anogenital tract have also been shown to infect the oral ca\'ity. However, the HPV prevalence rates vary greatly between studies and the significance of the presence ofHPV in the oral ca\'ity is still not understood. The primary objectives of this study were to establish the HPV prevalence rate infecting women with CIN lesions using a sensitive nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and to develop a novel restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method to type the high risk mucosal HPVs detected in these women. The secondary objective of this study was to establish the prevalence rate and HPV types infecting the oral mucosa of women with CIN lesions and to compare these HPV types with those detected in the ceMx. Cemcal punch biopsies were taken from 163 women with CIN lesions and buccal cells were collected from 33 of these participants. DNAwas extracted from the biopsies and buccal samples and PCR using CCRS primers performed to ensure sample adequacy. Nested PCR usmg consensus degenerate primers for HPV was performed on all samples sho\\'wg sufficient amplifiable DNA A novel restriction fragment length pol)morphism (RFLP) method was developed to identify the 10 high risk mucosal HPVs considered human carcinogens of group 1 by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (lARC) as well as HPV 11 which is commonly found in the oral cavity.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Texas at El Paso, 2008. / Title from title screen. Vita. CD-ROM. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

Cervical cancer is the most common malignancy after breast cancer in women worldwide. It accounts for 83% of all new cases and 85% cancer death in developing countries. In South Africa, cervical cancer is the common cancer in women with an annual crude incidence rate of 30.2 per 100,000 women and the highest rate were found to be in women between the ages of 66-69 years. Approximately 6800 women in S.A face new case of cervical cancer while accounting for 3700 cancer death annually. Because of unequal access to the health facilities, socio-economic differences, HPV and HIV infection, the rate of cervical cancer in black women is higher (42.1%) compared to the low rate in white women. Because of the name “cancer bush’ given to Sutherlandia Frutescence(S.F) plant by the traditional healers as well as Xhosas, Zulu, Sotho and cape Dutch for its anti-cancer activity, the plant was in this study to confirm its cytotoxic effect on the cervical cancer cell lines. Aim of the study: to evaluate the methanolic extracts of Sutherlandia Frutescens on cervical cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: The MTT assay was performed to evaluate SiHa cell lines treated with methanolic extract of S.F (50μg/ml, 100μg/ml, 150μg/ml and 200μg/ml). The three compounds (Canavanine, GABA and Pinitol) were also evaluated for its anti-tumour activity. The cell growth was then showed in real time using Xcilligence. Flow cytometry was employed to determine the mode of action. Caspase 3/7 assay was performed to confirm if cell death was via caspase-dependent or independent and ATP was done to assess the ATP level in S.F treated cells. Results: MTT shows a significant decline in cells treated with 50μg/ml, 100μg/ml and 200μg/ml of the extract and 50μg/ml was concluded to be the concentration at which 50% of the cells die. The ATP results are inconsistent with MTT result; the ATP level increased in S.F treated cells. Cell index which represents the quantitative measure of cell growth in real time decline upon treatment with 50μg/ml. Flow cytometry showed cells are dying by apoptosis and the cell cycle arrest is mostly in the S phase. The cell death was caspase-dependent as it shows an increased luminescence which is proportional to the number of caspase. The concentrations of the compounds used, Canavanine (1000μM, 1500μM and 2500μM), GABA (100μM, 300μM and 500μM) and Pinitol (30μM, 90μM and 120μM) induce cell death and cell death shows to decrease after the maximum concentration. Conclusion: Sutherlandia Frutescence has proven with number of research that it induces cell death via apoptosis. After evaluating its cytotoxicity, the plant shows to be a promising anti-tumor agent that needs to be clinically proven. / Life Sciences / M. Sc. (Life Science)

published_or_final_version / Nursing Studies / Master / Master of Nursing

published_or_final_version / Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy