Fung, Man See Joyce. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-120). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Table of Contents / Acknowledgements --- p.I / Abstract --- p.II / 論文摘要 --- p.VII / Table of Contents --- p.X / List of Figures --- p.XIV / List of Tables --- p.XVI / Abbreviations --- p.XVII / Chapter Chapter 1 - --- Introduction --- p.l / Chapter 1.1 --- Biology of HPV --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- History --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Classification --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Genome structure --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- HPV and cervical cancer --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Classification of cervical lesions --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Natural history of development of cervical cancer --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Risk factors --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3 --- Prevention of cervical cancer --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Vaccination --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Screening --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.2.1 --- Pap test --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.2.2 --- HPV DNA test --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.2.3 --- Methylation pattern as a novel marker --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4 --- Biology of Methylation --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Definition --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Silencing effect --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Roles in normal development --- p.20 / Chapter 1.5 --- Methylation and human diseases --- p.20 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Genetic diseases --- p.20 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Cancers --- p.21 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Methylation and oncogenic viruses --- p.23 / Chapter 1.5.4 --- Potential of methylation pattern as a novel biomarker of cancer --- p.24 / Chapter 1.5.5 --- Epigenetic therapy --- p.25 / Chapter 1.6 --- Methylation and HPV --- p.25 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- History --- p.25 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Potential roles in transcription regulation of HPV --- p.26 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Viral gene methylation --- p.27 / Chapter Chapter 2 - --- "Hypotheses, Objectives and Study Design" --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1 --- Hypotheses --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2 --- Objectives --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3 --- Study Design --- p.30 / Chapter Chapter 3 - --- Materials and Methods --- p.34 / Chapter 3.1 --- Work flow --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2 --- Study subjects --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Invasive cervical cancer group --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Low-grade group --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Cell lines --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3 --- DNA extraction --- p.38 / Chapter 3.4 --- HPV genotyping --- p.39 / Chapter 3.5 --- PCR of HPV16 LCR --- p.39 / Chapter 3.6 --- Sequencing of HPV 16 LCR --- p.42 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Purification of PCR products --- p.42 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Cycle sequencing reaction --- p.42 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Purification of cycle sequencing products --- p.43 / Chapter 3.6.4 --- Sequencer and data analysis --- p.43 / Chapter 3.7 --- Bisulfite modification --- p.43 / Chapter 3.8 --- PCR of bisulfite modified LCR --- p.45 / Chapter 3.9 --- Cloning --- p.48 / Chapter 3.9.1 --- Ligation --- p.48 / Chapter 3.9.2 --- Transformation --- p.48 / Chapter 3.9.3 --- Colony PCR --- p.49 / Chapter 3.10 --- Sequencing of clones --- p.51 / Chapter 3.10.1 --- Purification of PCR products --- p.51 / Chapter 3.10.2 --- Cycle sequencing reaction --- p.51 / Chapter 3.10.3 --- Purification of cycle sequencing products --- p.52 / Chapter 3.10.4 --- Sequencer and data analysis --- p.52 / Chapter 3.11 --- Statistical methods --- p.52 / Chapter Chapter 4 - --- Results --- p.54 / Chapter 4.1 --- Sample selection --- p.55 / Chapter 4.2 --- HPV16 LCR PCR and sequencing --- p.57 / Chapter 4.3 --- Methylation patterns --- p.61 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Cell lines --- p.61 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Cancer group --- p.63 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Overview --- p.63 / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Methylation pattern of the cancer samples --- p.66 / Chapter 4.3.2.3 --- Methylation pattern of the promoter region --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Low-grade group --- p.76 / Chapter 4.3.3.1 --- Overview --- p.76 / Chapter 4.3.3.2 --- Methylation pattern of the low-grade samples --- p.79 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Comparison of the methylation patterns of the cancer samples and the low-grade samples --- p.84 / Chapter Chapter 5 - --- Discussion --- p.95 / Chapter 5.1 --- Sequence variations of HPV 16 LCR --- p.96 / Chapter 5.2 --- Methylation patterns of CaSki and SiHa cell lines --- p.98 / Chapter 5.3 --- Methylation pattern of the cancer samples --- p.99 / Chapter 5.4 --- Methylation pattern of the low-grade samples --- p.100 / Chapter 5.5 --- Comparison of methylation patterns of the cancer samples and the low-grade samples --- p.101 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Promoter region in 3' LCR --- p.102 / Chapter 5.5.1.1 --- SP1 binding site --- p.102 / Chapter 5.5.1.2 --- E2BS3 and E2BS4 --- p.103 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Silencer region --- p.104 / Chapter 5.5.3 --- Enhancer region in central LCR --- p.105 / Chapter 5.5.4 --- CpG sites within 5' LCR --- p.106 / Chapter 5.6 --- Role of methylation in HPV 16 --- p.107 / Chapter 5.7 --- Potential as novel biomarker --- p.108 / Chapter 5.8 --- Conclusions --- p.109 / References --- p.111 / Appendix A

Thesis (MPA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2018 / Background: Cancer of the cervix is the fourth most common cancer affecting women worldwide and is currently considered as a sexually transmitted cancer. This type of cancer is caused in most cases by a viral infection, Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) strains 16 and 18. Cervical screening aims to prevent invasive cervical carcinoma by detection and treatment of its precursors cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 (CIN2) and, particularly, grade 3 (CIN3). The current study aimed at determining the distribution of cervical cancer and the association of cervical cancer with HIV infection in Limpopo Province. Methods: The current study used quantitative retrospective method to systematically review the available data on Papanicolaou (Pap) smears from National Health Laboratory Services at Polokwane hospital from the year 2013 to 2015. The data was kept anonymously by not using the names of the patients and ethical clearance was received from the Turfloop Research Committee of University of Limpopo in consideration of section 14, 15, 16, and 17 of National Health Act 61 of 2004. The data was exported to excel spreadsheet and cleaned before exported into SPSS 23.0 software which was used for data analysis. Results: The findings from the current study show a decline of 33% in the number of Pap smears that were submitted for cytology between 2013 (82 041) and 2015 (23 527) in Limpopo province. However, the study revealed that there is an increase in prevalence of cervical cancer from 16.7% in 2013 to 19.2% in 2015 in Limpopo Province. In the same period this rural province already demonstrates a high burden of cervical cancer among the middle aged women. The positive cervical smears were classified as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) I, II, or III and therefore, 78.5% were CIN I, 21% CIN II and 0,5% CIN III. HIV infections have been found to be associated with cervical cancer as the prevalence of cervical cancer among HIV positive women was found to be 25% and most of the affected women are the middle aged group. vi Conclusion: The screening coverage for cervical cancer has decreased in Limpopo Province but the prevalence of cervical cancer has increased by 2.5% therefore, this translates to the need for community awareness about prevention of cervical cancer. Majority of the cases were classified as CIN 1 at 78.5% which can be cured if treatment started early. The Limpopo Province should therefore strengthen strategies to integrate HIV and cervical cancer services as it was found that there is a strong association between the HIV and cervical cancer.

published_or_final_version / Nursing Studies / Master / Master of Nursing in Advanced Practice

published_or_final_version / Pathology / Master / Master of Medical Sciences

published_or_final_version / Pathology / Master / Master of Medical Sciences

published_or_final_version / Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

Not available / text

published_or_final_version / Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Master / Master of Philosophy

No description available.