During the late 1970s Ghana was described as a collapsed and failed state. In contrast, today it is hailed internationally as beacon of democracy and stability in West Africa. In light of Ghana’s drastic image change from a fragile and even collapsed polity to a resilient state, this thesis contributes to the statebuilding debate by analysing the social change that occurred. Grounded in a critical theory approach the thesis applies a political settlement analysis to explore how power is distributed and changed over time between contending social groups; exploring the extent to which this is embedded in formal and informal institutional arrangements. Ghana’s 2012 elections serve as an empirical basis and lens to observe the country’s current settlement. This approach enables a fine grained within-case comparison with Ghana’s collapsed post-independent settlement. The analysis illustrates that while there has been no transformation of the Ghanaian state, however, continuous incremental structural change has occurred within it, as demonstrated by a structurally altered constellation of power. While internationally propagated (neo-)liberal economic and political reforms had a vital impact on the reconstruction process of state-society relations, Ghana’s labelling as “success story” evokes the distorted idea of a resilient liberal state. The sustainability of Ghana’s current settlement characterised by electoral competitive clientelism depends on a continued inflow of foreign capital. So far the mutually beneficial interest of portraying Ghana as a resilient state by its elites and donors ensures the flow of needed financial assistance to preserve the settlement.

During the late 1970s Ghana was described as a collapsed and failed state. In contrast, today it is hailed internationally as beacon of democracy and stability in West Africa. In light of Ghana’s drastic image change from a fragile and even collapsed polity to a resilient state, this thesis contributes to the statebuilding debate by analysing the social change that occurred. Grounded in a critical theory approach the thesis applies a political settlement analysis to explore how power is distributed and changed over time between contending social groups; exploring the extent to which this is embedded in formal and informal institutional arrangements. Ghana’s 2012 elections serve as an empirical basis and lens to observe the country’s current settlement. This approach enables a fine grained within-case comparison with Ghana’s collapsed post-independent settlement. The analysis illustrates that while there has been no transformation of the Ghanaian state, however, continuous incremental structural change has occurred within it, as demonstrated by a structurally altered constellation of power. While internationally propagated (neo-)liberal economic and political reforms had a vital impact on the reconstruction process of state-society relations, Ghana’s labelling as “success story” evokes the distorted idea of a resilient liberal state. The sustainability of Ghana’s current settlement characterised by electoral competitive clientelism depends on a continued inflow of foreign capital. So far the mutually beneficial interest of portraying Ghana as a resilient state by its elites and donors ensures the flow of needed financial assistance to preserve the settlement. / Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC); European Commission Marie Curie Pre-doctoral Fellowship programme

The founders of Cascadia Community College changed faculty role and duties as they designed a new college. The college founders chose which themes of learning reform would be enacted by faculty in this new setting. They determined what elements of traditional roles continued to be important and what new expectations would be articulated. They decided what themes would become the center of faculty role in the creation of the new college. The study seeks to establish the themes of reform that were adopted by this college and how the founders expected those reforms to reside in, change, and influence faculty role. Through interviews with founding college members, the researcher, herself a participant in the founding of the college, triangulated the voices of the key participants with the publications of the new college that were related to faculty role. Themes that emerged from the study were outcomes, interdisciplinarity, organization and structure, innovation, technology, global/multicultural perspectives, complexity, and expectation for traits. A new view of expanded faculty role expectations is explored. This role is reflective of many themes seen in reform literature involving tenets of the learning college, the shift from teaching to learning, and outcomes-grounded teaching. A model is presented to explain the interrelatedness of the themes and the new perspective on teaching in the reformed college. / Graduation date: 2004

Uppsatsen har undersökt de gotiska verbalprefixen med utgångspunkt i att de ingår i ett system, i vilket prefixen hör hemma på olika positioner före verbets stam. Syftet har varit att fastställa, om någon av dessa positioner har varit avsedd för prefix bärande särdraget State or Change of State, som inom det teoretiska ramverket Lexical Template Morphology antas bära tre variabler. Materialet har bestått av belagda kombinationer av preverbala element, samtliga påträffade förekomster av verb på miþ- och dis-, samt stickprov av verb på ana- och us-. Genom en i huvudsak morfologisk analys har fem preverbala positioner i en ordbildningsmall föreslagits, här från det yttersta till det innersta kallade P5–P1. Den semantiska undersökningen visar att P5–P3 markerar medfölje, centrum-periferi-orientering respektive polaritet. För prefix hörande till P2–P1 har de excerperade satserna med dis-, ana- och us- analyserats med avseende på de semantiska rollerna figur och grund. Prefixet dis- har kunnat ges en ny definition, vilken förklarar 31 av dess 32 förekomster. Undersökningen visar, att de tre variablerna i State or Change of State kan vara fördelade över P2–P1, samt att rollerna figur och grund är av betydelse i sökandet efter de gotiska verbalprefixens funktioner.

This diploma thesis is deals with proposal of silo for various powdery materials. In the thesis is there calculation of type construction, design of the main dimensions and strength calculation of the wall thickness of the silo. There are also described active and passive stress state in the silo and their influence on loading and emptying. Then there is an overview of possible modifications the silo and other possible equipment.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The subject of this study is Break and Bend verbs in isiZulu, which can be classified as verbs of change of state. This study examines the semantic as well as the syntactic analysis of these verbs of change of state in Zulu. Semantically Bend verbs are divided into verbs denoting the bending of body parts, e.g: thoba, khothema, qomfa, bhena, guqa, vosho, and verbs that denote the bending of body parts as well as physical objects, e.g. goba, qethuka/qethula as shown in the sentences below: Indoda igobe ucingo The man bent the wire. Indoda ithe qethu ikhanda The man bent the head backwards. Inkosikazi igobe amadolo The woman bent the knees. Uthe qethu isigxobo He made the pole bend backwards. The study will demonstrate that Break verbs are semantically divided into verbs denoting break or fracture, e.g. aphula/aphuka; those denoting "break off" e.g. nqamuka/nqamula; a verb denoting "to smash", e.g. fahlaza/fahlaka; those denoting " crack", e.g. chachamba, verbs meaning "to tear", e.g. dabula/dabuka; verbs denoting "to demolish", e.g. bhidliza/bhidlika and verbs denoting "to break open", e.g. havuka I havula. Syntactically, Break predicates may occur as ideophones, which are ergative with transitive/intransitive alternation, e.g. aphulaj aphuka, In addition, Break predicates may consist of ideophones with verbal suffixes: [-k-] is the suffix of intransitive ideophone [-I-] or [-z-] is the suffix of transitive ideophone Intransitive ideophone: Intambo ithe nqamu The rope broke Intransitive verb with [-k-]: Intambo inqamukile The rope broke Transitive ideophone: Indoda ithe nqamu intambo The man broke the rope Transitive verb with [-1-]: Indoda inqamule intambo. The man broke a rope Transitive verb with [-z-]: Indoda iphoqoze intambo. The man broke a bone The study demonstrates that with Bend verbs there are two ergative verbs, namely thoba and goba. -- The study further demonstrates that Bend verbs are mostly intransitive with a shadow argument; there is an ideophone qethu, which takes the transitive / intransitive alternation with the suffix [-k-] for the intransitive and [-1-] for the transitive alternation, respectively. The study provides evidence that Break and Bend verbs are characterised by specific selection restrictions as well as event structures. Some alternations were also investigated in the study, such as the Possessive alternation and Instrument-Subject alternation. Lastly, the Lexical conceptual paradigm and the Lexical Inheritance Structure of each verb were examined. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die onderwerp van hierdie studie is Breek en Buig werkwoorde in isiZulu, wat geklassifiseerword as werkwoorde van toestandverandering. Hierdie studie ondersoek die semantiese en die sintaktiese analise van die werkwoordtipe van toestandverandering in isizulu. Buigwerkwoorde word semanties ingedeel in werkwoorde wat die buig van liggaamsdeleaandui, byvoorbeeld: thoba, khothema, qomfa, bhena, guqa, vosho, en werkwoorde wat die buig van liggaamsdele sowel as die fisiese objekte aandui, byvoorbeeld: goba, qethuka/qethula, soos aangedui word in die sinne hieronder: Indoda igobe ucingo Die man het die draad gebuig Indoda ithe qethu ikhanda Die man het sy kop agteroor gebuig Inkosikazi igobe amadolo Die vrou het (haar) knieë gebuig Uthe qethu isigxobo Hy het die paal agtertoe gebuig. Hierdie studie toon aan dat Breek-werkwoorde semanties ingedeel kan word in werkwoorde wat "breek" aandui, bv. aphula/aphuka: werkwoorde wat "afbreek" aandui, bv. nqamuka/nqamula; werkwoorde wat "flenters breek" aandui, bv. fahlaza/fahlaka; werkwoorde wat "bars" aandui, bv. chachamba, werkwoorde wat "skeur" aandui, bv. dabula/dabuka; werkwoorde wat "ruineer" aandui, bv. bhidliza/bhidlika en werkwoorde wat "oopbreek" aandui, bv. havuka/havula. Breek-predikate kan sintakties as ideofone verskyn, wat ergatief (ergative) is met 'n transitief/intransitief alternasie, bv.. aphula/aphuka. Voorts kan Breek-predikate ook verskyn as ideofone met werkwoordagtervoegsels: [-k-] is die suffiks van die intransitiewe ideofoon [-1-] of [-z-] is die suffiks van die transitiewe ideofoon Intransitiewe ideofoon: Intambo ithe nqamu Die tou het gebreek Intransitiewe werkwoord met [-k-]: Intambo inqamukile Die tou het gebreek Transitiewe ideofoon: Indoda ithe nqamu intambo Die man het die tou gebreek Transitiewe werkwoord met [-1-]: Indoda inqamule intambo. Die man het die tou gebreek Transitiewe werkwoord met l-e-l: Indoda iphoqoze umlenze Die man het die been gebreek Die studie toon aan dat met Buigwerkwoorde, twee ergatiewe werkwoorde gevind is, naamlik thoba en goba. Die studie toon ook aan dat Buigwerkwoorde meestal intransitiewe werkwoorde is wat met 'n skadu-argument verskyn. Daar is 'n ideofoon qethu, wat die transitief/intransitief alternasie vertoon met die suffiks [-k-] vir die intransitief en [-I-] vir die transitief alternasie, respektiewelik Die studie bied bewys daarvoor dat Breek- en Buigwerkwoorde gekenmerk word deur seleksiebeperkings en gebeure ('event') strukture. Sommige alternasies is ook ondersoek in die studie, byvoorbeeld die Possessief alternasie en Instrument-Subjek alternasie. Laastens, is die leksikaal-konseptuele paradigma en die Leksikale-erwingstruktuur van elke werkwoord ondersoek.

In an environment of systemic educational reform, which emphasizes the alignment of curriculum standards, instructional practices, and assessments, an important question arises: What are the factors which influence teachers to change their classroom practice in response to standards-based reforms ? My study examined the initial legislative model, Washington Education Reform Act HB1209 (1993), and tested other factors that led to changes in classroom practice in three middle schools which are currently implementing HB1209. The case studies included multiple sources of evidence (administrator and teacher interviews, surveys, classroom observations, focus groups, and documents). The data were analyzed for each school individually and across all three schools to clarify the connection between standards-based reform policy, teachers' learning, and changes in classroom practice. The study examined the influence of six teacher factors and four school level factors on familiarity with the reform policy, involvement in educational reform, and changes in classroom. Teacher factors were: (a) present teaching experience; (b) previous teaching experience; (c) pedagogical knowledge needed to implement the reform; (d) involvement in educational reform; (e) sense of empowerment; and (f) self-efficacy. School level factors were: (a) previous educational policies; (b) participation in a collaborative learning group; (c) building level and district administrative expectations and support; and (d) organizational features that enhance time for teachers to learn and collaborate. Both teacher and school level factors were related to familiarity with the policy, involvement in reform, and changes in classroom practice. Teacher factors (involvement in reform, empowerment) predicted more of the variance in familiarity with HB1209 than did school level factors (collegial teams, school reform plan). Contrary to my original hypothesis, knowledge of the reform policy itself was the largest single predictor of involvement in educational reform and of changes in classroom practice. However, while knowledge of the policy was necessary, it was not a sufficient predictor. Teacher factors (staff empowerment, pedagogical knowledge) predicted more of the involvement in reform than did school level factors (time for planning and curriculum development, school reform plan). Teacher factors (involvement in reform) and school level factors (workshops, conversations about practice) were equally predictive of changes in classroom practice.

The principle of this thesis is to design of the silo for bulk materials. In the thesis is there an analysis of the choice of type and construction of the silo, design of main dimensions and strength calculation of the silo. Then there is described active and passive stress state of the silo and their influence on filling and emptying. The thesis deals the possibility of the formation of buckling vault (bridging) during emptying and ways to solve it. There are also described various possibilities of modifications and equipment of the silo in relation to the type of material.

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet FUI THERMOFLUIDE-RT impliquant des Grands Groupes (Zodiac DS, Safran Hispano, MBDA), des PME (Atmostat, ADR, ControlSys) et cinq laboratoires (CRIStAL, LML Arts et Métiers Paris Tech, LEGI Grenoble, LMT ENS Cachan, CEA-Liten Grenoble). Le but est d’étudier un nouveau système de refroidissement de l’électronique. La technologie retenue est celle d’une boucle fluide diphasique à pompage mécanique (BFDPM). La thèse traite la modélisation dynamique et la validation expérimentale des composants de la boucle. Ceci permet de prévoir l’efficacité du système à partir de ses paramètres d’entrée, d’analyser les problèmes de régimes transitoires, et de proposer un outil de dimensionnement. La méthodologie bond graph est retenue à cause du caractère multi-physique des composants. D’abord, la problématique de base et le contexte sont présentés. Ceci permet d’introduire la solution retenue, celle des BFDPM. Les objectifs de la thèse sont décrits. Ensuite, une description du banc expérimental développé au cours de cette thèse est proposée. Les trois chapitres suivant sont consacrés à l’étude théorique et expérimentale des équipements de la boucle. Chacun de ces chapitres commence par l’état de l’art sur les travaux de modélisation et les corrélations des coefficients d’échange et des pertes de charge. Une seconde partie décrit les phénomènes et les équations. Une troisième partie est réservée à la validation des modèles. Un dernier chapitre récapitule les travaux de couplage des modèles dynamiques validés séparément. En conclusion, un récapitulatif des contributions est effectué. Des perspectives à court et moyen terme sont proposées / This thesis is part of the collaborative project FUI THERMOFLUIDE-RT involving major groups (Zodiac DS, Safran Hispano, and MBDA), SMEs (Atmostat Alcen, ADR, AER, ControlSys) and five laboratories (CRIStAL Ecole Centrale de Lille, LML Arts et Métiers Paris Tech, LEGI Grenoble, LMT ENS Cachan, CEA-Liten Grenoble). The main purpose is to study a new electronic cooling system. The technology chosen consists of a two-phase fluid loop mechanically pumped (TPLMP). The thesis deals with the dynamic modeling and experimental validation of the cooling components. The developed dynamic model allows to predict the efficiency of the cooling loop, to conduct the study of transitional regimes, and provides an original tool dedicated to design the loop components. The bond graph methodology is adopted because of the multi physics character of the studied components. First, the basic issues and the industrial context are presented. This allows to introduce the chosen solution (TPLMP). The objectives of the thesis are described. Then, a description of the rig test is proposed. The following three chapters are devoted to a theoretical and experimental study of the loop equipment. Each chapter begins with a state of the art on modeling and correlations of the heat exchange coefficients and losses. A second part of the chapter describes phenomena and equations. A third part is dedicated to the experimental validation. A final chapter presents the coupling works of dynamic models validated separately. Finally, a summary of all contributions is made. Prospects for future developments in short and medium term are proposed.

Hydraulic piston accumulators play a major role especially within the field of stationary hydraulics. The calculation of the amount of hydraulic energy which can be stored in such an accumulator is crucial when it comes to a precise system design. The knowledge of the temperature and pressure within the accumulator is required in order to calculate the amount of energy to be stored. The state of the art solution to estimate the state of change of such an accumulator is the implementation of a costly measurement system within the accumulator which tracks the position of the piston. The goal of this paper is to develop and to analyse a time efficient simulation approach for the gaseous phase within a piston accumulator depending on the accumulator’s load cycle. Temperature, pressure, density and velocity profiles inside of the gaseous phase are calculated transiently in order to achieve that goal. The simulation model is derived in one dimensional environment to save computational effort. Having derived a valid model of the gaseous phase it will be possible in future works to replace the expensive position measurement system by pressure and temperature transducers and then use the model to calculate the position of the piston and therefore estimate the state of change.