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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, 2000. / "A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Western Sydney, Macarthur, Faculty of Informatics, Science and Technology" Bibliography : leaves 172-188.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 119-136) Also available in print.

Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Queensland, 2005. / Includes bibliography.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xvi, 216 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 180-216). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of Physiology and Developmental Biology, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 108-115).

The objectives o-f this research were to investigate the effects of blending Canbra or Canola oil with other oils or fats on the nutritive value and autoxidative stability of the blended oils, and to investigate the possibility of using hydrolyzed oils (free fatty acids) in the study of fatty acid balancing. Canbra oil (containing 6.1% erucic acid) was blended with sunflower oil or animal lard 1/1 (w/w). Canola oil (0.55% erucic acid) was blended with sunflower oil in the ratios 9/1, 8/2, 7/3, 6/4 and 5/5. The nutritional value was assayed using growing chicks fed lipid at 3% in a practical diet during a 4 week feeding period. Evaluation was made using body weight, weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion, feed digestibility, lipid digestibility, total fatty acid digestibility, metabolizable energy and individual fatty acid digestibility. Results show that Canbra oil is equivalent to animal lard but significantly inferior to sunflower oil. Blending Canbra oil and sunflower oil or animal lard improved chick growth and fatty acid utilization over that demonstrated by the Canbra oil alone. Canola oil was equivalent to sunflower oil and soybean oil in supporting chick growth. The 7/3 and 5/5 blends showed synergistic improvement in promoting growth, fatty acid, protein and metabolizable energy utilization. It was concluded that Canola oil is nutritionally equivalent to either sunflower oil or soybean oil and that blending with sun-flower oil further improved its nutritional value. Oil blending rendered no significant detrimental effects on stability. The fatty acids of hydrolyzed Canola and sunflower oil showed nutritive performance equivalent to that of the intact oils. The fatty acids of a hydrolyzed 5/5 blend of Canola oil and sunflower oil showed reduced absorption of some fatty acids and the fatty acids of hydrolyzed soybean oil showed reduced diet and fatty acid absorption relative to the intact oils. These results demonstrate that feeding hydrolyzed oils may be a useful method of investigating fatty acid balance but more research is required in this area. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Hematocrit and hematocrit regulation have the potential to affect developing embryos. To examine the ability of chicken embryos at day 15 to regulate hematocrit, they were subjected to either repeated saline injections (5% of total blood volume) or repeated blood removal (5% of total blood volume). Embryos showed an ability to maintain hematocrit (~20%) despite blood volume increases up to 115% of initial blood volume. Embryos were not able to maintain hematocrit in the face of dramatic blood volume loss. Oxygen consumption of embryos could be affected by their level of hematocrit. To examine this, chicken embryos at day 15, 16, and 17 of incubation were given a high hematocrit (~50-60%) sample of blood (400 μl) to artificially increase the hematocrit of the embryos (~10-12%). Despite the increase in oxygen availability, when monitored over a period of six hours, embryos showed no difference (0.36 ± 0.01 (ml O2 - min-1- egg-1) in metabolism from baseline measurements at day 15, 16 and 17.

How temperature affects physiological development in the chicken embryo is unknown. Embryos incubated at 38°C or 35°C showed no difference in growth or survival. The time to hatching was longer in 35°C than 38°C embryos (23.7 vs. 20.6 days), but unaffected was the relative timing of appearance of developmental landmarks (internal, external pipping). At stage 43-44, 38°C embryos maintained oxygen consumption around 1 mL/g/h despite acute temperature reduction (suggesting thermoregulatory maturation), unlike 35°C embryos. In 35°C embryos the lower oxygen-carrying capacity and temperature insensitive blood O2 affinity (P50 about 30 mmHg) may restrict O2 delivery to tissues, limiting metabolism during decreased ambient temperature. Reduced incubation temperature retards normal hematological and thermoregulatory development.

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