Musical activities are at the centre of Music on the Lap, a Dutch approach to early childhood music education. The present study takes an in-depth look at the role of movement in these musical activities and thereby focuses on the representation of musical elements through movement. This study has among its aims the raising of more awareness for the conscious use of movement in early childhood music education. Departing from an embodied approach within an interpretative design, the premise of the current study is that movement should be considered an important form of kinaesthetic representation through which preschool children can come to understand and learn different aspects of music. The musical movement responses of children aged 18 to 36 months in a regular Music on the Lap setting were investigated. The musical movement behaviour of the children, during specific musical activities, was captured on DVD and the individual responses of 27 children were analysed. Interviews with the participating teacher provided important additional information. Through microanalysis of the children’s movements, the study arrived at a theoretical interpretation: movement responses to music can be considered enactive symbols, creating direct and indirect representations of musical characteristics. To further musical learning the movements should be firmly based in a temporal framework of aural and verbal connotations in order to stimulate purposeful movement responses. This temporal framework should be structured by the teacher through a process of appropriate movement models and verbal guidance to arrive at meaningful movement actions, which can consequently generate implicit and explicit musical kinaesthetic and musical representational knowledge. In this process the children are actively participating to construct with body and mind their own musical knowledge.

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The purpose of this qualitative research was to understand the process of co-constructing music in a Reggio-inspired preschool. Although both adults and children facilitate musical processes in co-constructed settings, in this study I focused on processes that emerged from children. One question guided this study: In this preschool, what processes do children use to make their music learning visible and audible? From September 16 to December 16, 2014, I visited Project P.L.A.Y. School--a play- and relationship-based, Reggio-inspired preschool--once weekly for one and a half hours during the children's free play time. The participants were 13 children between the ages of two and a half and five years old, as well as six adults. During my visits, I acted as a musical play partner with the children, following the children's leads. Data emerged from child and adult musickers as musical interactions, which I documented using Reggio-inspired documentation techniques--audio recording, video recording, and photographing during musical interactions as long as the interaction lasted. In addition, I kept a researcher's journal consisting of same-day reflections after each visit. The documentation resulted in five hours and 42 minutes of video and audio recordings, 115 photographs, and an 80 page researcher's journal. Because my data collection were modeled on Reggio-inspired documentation techniques, I did not run continuous video but only recorded during musical interactions as long as the interaction lasted. Thus, the audio and video recordings were in 215 separate files, ranging from four seconds to 19 minutes in duration. I interpreted the data using qualitative strategies, coding data from documentation and my journal. Codes gave rise to categories which became salient themes. I labeled those themes processes, and employed narrative tenets to present the findings, restorying experiences into vignettes and using photographs and notation to support the themes. At Project P.L.A.Y. School, children made their music learning audible and visible by engaging in seven music processes: vocal exploration, singing, instrument exploration, expressive movement, notation exploration, staging shows, and musical conversations. These processes emerged as part of larger social processes, such as discussion and social play. Some processes emerged within others, as children sang during their musical conversations and danced while they staged shows. Thus, co-constructed musicking was part of the whole experiences of the children. Musickers at Project P.L.A.Y. School made their learning audible and visible through musical processes that were fundamentally social and creative. The co-constructed musicking was social and creative, as adults and children developed musical thinking and skills through listening and responding to one another. Through the emergent social and musical process, adults were able to scaffold and extend children's musicking. Through these processes, musickers developed skills that may help them become thoughtful, independent, and intentional musicians. Due to the rich musicking that emerged in this context, I recommend that music teachers and early childhood teachers embrace the role of musical play partner; dedicate time to music exploration and play; design children's musicking spaces in a way that emphasizes agency and accessibility; and provide opportunities for musical choice in all music education settings. I conclude by recommending that future researchers consider studying co-constructed musicking in other environments, as well as musical project work, as projects are important to the emergent curriculum of the Reggio approach. / Music Education

This study is centered on childhood music education in Nigeria. Five research questions and five null hypotheses were formulated and tested in the study. A total of 313 subjects were used. The instrument used for data collection was a questionnaire on the childhood music education in Nigeria. Statistically weighted mean was used to answer the research questions and t - test was employed in testing the null hypotheses. At the end of the analysis, the following findings were made: <ul> <li>At least, 13 learning materials including both African and western musical instruments are available for teaching music in Nigerian primary schools. Up to 10 learning strategies were identified by the music teachers and music educators to be among the ones that could be utilized to ensure fruitful and effective acquisition of musical knowledge by the pupils in Nigeria.</li> <li>The perception of music educators and music teachers on the methodology that can best be utilized to ensure fruitful and effective acquisition of musical knowledge by the pupils at primary school level of education in Nigeria do not differ significantly.</li> <li>There is no significant difference between the music teachers and music educators’ perception on the adequacy of delivery of the music staff and learning situations in Nigerian primary schools.</li> </ul> Based on these findings a number of recommendations for improvement of the music education in Nigerian primary schools have been made. In addition to the sample teaching and learning programme, the original contribution of this study is explored in chapter six. This chapter offers lesson plans designed for grade II music teachers in primary schools in Nigeria. This programme was conducted and performed in one of the primary schools in the study area and ended with twelve contacts with pupils. (a digital video disk is attached to the thesis). / Thesis (DMus)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Music / unrestricted

DIPLOMA THESIS Leoš Janáček's Lachian Dances and their use in music education at primary school Eliška Mervartová ABSTRACT The diploma thesis deals with Leoš Janáček's Lachian Dances and their didactic application in music education. The theoretical part examines the Lachian Dances through the didactic analysis and describes the speech of composer and its connection with folk art. The practical part of the diploma thesis is focused on the didactic interpretation of the Lachian Dances. The pupils in the age of middle childhood, specifically 3rd and 4th graders at the Vrchlického primary school in Liberec, were selected as a sample. The results of the thesis are teaching materials that serves as a source of inspiration for students of primary education and current teachers of music education. KEYWORDS Leos Janacek, The Lachian Dances, speech melody theory, the didactic interpretation, the age of middle childhood, teaching materials, music education