At present not enough is known about the health of preschool children in the poorer communities of Cape Town. This study, was undertaken to assess the health and health care of preschool children in one such community: that of the Hout Bay harbour township. A clinic and community-based surveillance programme was devised to make this assessment. Data were obtained by monitoring the records at the Community Health Centre in the township. A study sample of 214 children from the community was also selected by random stratified cluster sampling. This sample was assessed by means of a questionnaire and a full physical examination. Analysis of data was performed on the IBM main-frame computer. A large number of medical problems were identified on screening the community sample. Most of these problems were minor ones and could be managed appropriately at the Health Centre. On the basis of the referral patterns and the small number of newly diagnosed functionally important health problems, the provision of health care in-the area was considered to be adequate. The high immunisation rate in the preschool children and the excellent attendance figures at the child health clinics indicates that the services provided are well utilised by the population. Dental caries was found to be a major health problem in the area. A strong case for the introduction of a dental health educational programme and for the fluoridisation of drinking water can made on the basis of these findings. An ongoing health screening programme would be beneficial. It could be accomplished by utilising appropriately trained nursing personnel.

The study conducted in the rural area of the province of Imbabura included a total of 518 families that when compared with the estimated sample of 96%, 42.7 % corresponding to the indigenous ethnic group, 28.15% to Black and 25% to mixed-race ethnic groups, these differences of involvement between ethnic groups is due to the fact that the indigenous population is greater than the two remaining populations. Of the 518 families studied they were able to obtain a total of 794 children younger than 5, in which 48.5% pertaining to the male sex and 51.4% to the female sex. In linking the number of participating families and the number of children studied we were able to find that mothers have 1 to 2 children younger than the age of 5 in every family. In evaluating the nutritional state of the 794 studied children, 47.09% were found to have global malnutrition (P/E), 67.26% presented a chronic malnutrition that is to say a lower height for their age, whereas 13.97% presented an acute malnutrition, a percentage that doesn’t attract attention due to what I have already noted previously with children presenting low height and weight for their age when using the indicated weight/height, the nutritional state of the children is appropriate. The nutritional state of children under the age of 5, by considering the indicators of weight/age and height/age, identified the indigenous ethnicity having major problems of malnutrition (54% and 80.97%) respectively, while the two remaining ethnic groups have presented similar percentages. The opposite occurs with the indicator of weight/height, which detected that the Black ethnic group presented a major nutritional deterioration (24%) unlike the other two ethnic groups, we believe that this difference is due to indigenous children presenting a diminished height, consequently when we use the indicator of weight/height, an adequate weight for height is presented. According to the magnitude of diarrheal processes we find that 28.34% of children presented EDA, the indigenous ethnicity being that with the highest percentage (12.84%) in relation to the other two ethnic groups. According to the severity of the diarrheal processes, light EDA presents the highest percentage with 62.67%, with the indigenous ethnicity being affected the most, moderate EDA presents a 34.22% similarly affecting the indigenous ethnicity and severe EDA presents a 3.11% with the mixed-race ethnicity being the most affected. Relating the nutritional state with acute diarrheal illnesses, considering the indicators of weight/age and height/age, we find that the indigenous population is mostly affected in nutritional state as well as in the presence of EDA. Malnourished children present a higher number of diarrheal processes. Considering the indicator of weight/height, diarrhea is more frequent in children with a normal nutritional state, with the Black ethnicity that which presents the greater percentage of EDA in normal and malnourished children. For this reason, it is urgent that national programs of health and alimentation are defined and implemented in order to combat the nutritional problem and ensure an adequate supply of food for the whole population, improving the conditions of health and environmental sanitation in order to reduce the high rates of malnutrition, diarrhea and acute respiratory infections.

The present study examined the separate effects of an educational program, feedback, and a token economy on the rate of brushing and flossing in the home environment.

The general objective of this work was to offer nutritional food and health education using instructive lessons that were prepared based on the diagnostic of knowledge among teachers and children in the School of La Rinconada. The study is descriptive-cross performed from October 2000 to June 2001. The universe of study is 100% of teachers and children attending schools in the communities of La Rinconada and Cuambo, totaling 104. The considered variables are diet, nutrition, and health-related topics. These variables contemplate the elementary education plan of study, besides providing training to students and teachers. Because the project was developed primarily for educational purposes, the lessons were customized for each community. Ten lectures were taught. These lectures are composed of the following parts: topic, addressee, message, objective, technique, materials, preliminary preparation, initial evaluation, class development, revision, reinforcement, final evaluation, and analysis. The pamphlets of the Healthy Schools (Escuelas Saludables), which became the main source of instruction, were used as the supporting educational material.

The rural communities of the province of Imbabura present multiple problems of environmental, educational, and economic kind. Previous studies show that the rural communities of the Ecuadorian population present serious problems of health and nutrition, among those that excel are: poliparasitosis, respiratory infections and diarrheal, malnutrition, deficiency of micro nutrients, sanitary deficiency, scarce economic resources and low level of instruction. All these factors have caused a decrease in the productive capacity of the country and affected their level of development. In addition, delay exists in size in the students, which leads to a decrease in the capacity for physical work, alterations of mental development and frequent repetitions of the school grade. The malnutrition is a product of biological, social and environmental factors directly influence good health, intellectual development and academic performance. In the province of Imbabura, there is no up to date information relating to diet, nutrition and some aspects of the health of the students. Therefore it has been considered important to perform a food, nutritional and health diagnosis that contributes to the planning and development of actions that will improve the situation.

The problem in general is to investigate whether or not there is a relationship between certain specific health factors in the individual preschool child and his personal relationships with other children.

It was the purpose of this study, first, to determine how and to what extent a teacher can be instrumental in improving the health status of the Dallas elementary school child, and second, to ascertain the importance of a teacher's evaluation of physical aspects from the standpoint of their effect on the mental, social, and emotional well-being of the school child.

Ma Man-yan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 54-71). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / Ma Man-yan. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / List of Table --- p.vii / List of Figure --- p.viii / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- Introduction --- p.1 / General introduction --- p.1 / Early participation in physical activity --- p.1 / The childhood years --- p.2 / Parental influence --- p.3 / Purpose of study --- p.4 / Theoretical framework --- p.5 / Operational definition --- p.6 / Delimitations --- p.7 / Limitations --- p.8 / Significance of the study --- p.9 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- Review of Literature --- p.11 / Physical activity and the public health --- p.11 / Sedentary life --- p.12 / Promoting active lifestyle --- p.12 / Parental influences in physical activity --- p.14 / The early childhood years --- p.15 / Overview of results --- p.16 / Beliefs --- p.18 / Parental beliefs and the influence on children --- p.19 / Achievement goal --- p.21 / The case in Hong Kong --- p.24 / Hong Kong children's lives --- p.24 / Parents in Hong Kong --- p.25 / Cultural values: The Confucian ethic --- p.26 / Instrumental society --- p.27 / Filial Piety --- p.29 / Definition of success --- p.31 / Summary --- p.32 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- Method --- p.34 / Participants --- p.34 / Instrumentation --- p.34 / Measures of children's physical activity levels --- p.34 / Measures of parental beliefs regarding their child's participation in physical activity --- p.35 / Goal orientations --- p.35 / Reasons for children's physical activity participation --- p.36 / Parents' exercise behavior --- p.36 / Family background information --- p.37 / Procedure --- p.37 / Statistical analysis --- p.38 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- Results --- p.40 / Descriptive statistics --- p.40 / Gender and parental beliefs --- p.41 / The relationship between parents' and children's level of physical activity --- p.43 / Parents' self-reported level of physical activity --- p.43 / Physical activity participation with children --- p.43 / Family characteristics --- p.44 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE --- Discussion --- p.45 / Limitations --- p.52 / Conclusion --- p.53 / References --- p.54 / Appendix A --- p.72 / Appendix B --- p.73 / Appendix C --- p.74 / Appendix D --- p.75 / Appendix E --- p.76 / Appendix F --- p.77 / Appendix G --- p.83

For the past 60 years, American citizens have turned to international adoption as a way to build their families. Unfortunately, international adoptees often spend the first months or years of their young lives in conditions of poverty and/or institutionalized care. Additionally, current U.S. immigration laws dictate that the children receive only a cursory health screening before arrival. As a result, many of the children adopted by Americans arrive to the United States with significant physical, emotional, behavioral, and developmental health problems. Twelve mothers who had adopted children internationally were interviewed for this study. Their stories of obtaining health care for their newly adopted children were shared in descriptive narratives. The themes that emerged from the data analysis were seeing healthy children despite the challenges, struggling to help the children, needing help, missing lost pieces, being different, and wanting more from providers. The overall essence derived from the mothers' experiences was that seeking health care for their newly adopted children was one of hope to achieve wellness for their children and normalcy for their families within the context of loss and a desire for more support. These findings have significant implications for the health care providers who care for them. / by Natalie L. Murphy. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2010. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2010. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Cai, Yue. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-107). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract (English) --- p.I / Abstract (Chinese) --- p.IV / Acknowledgement --- p.VII / Selected Abbreviations and Acronyms --- p.VIII / List of Contents --- p.IX / List of Tables --- p.XIV / List of Figures --- p.XIX / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Definition of Migration in China --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Reasons for This Study --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4 --- Research Questions and Hypotheses of the Study --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Research Questions --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Hypothesis --- p.5 / Chapter 1.5 --- Outlines of the Thesis --- p.5 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1 --- Methodology and Search Results --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2 --- Overview of the Health Status of Migrant Children --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Access to Health Care --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Physical Health --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Mental and Social Health --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Other Aspects about Health --- p.10 / Chapter 2.3 --- Possible Explanations --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Acculturation-stress of Migrant Children --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Healthy Migrant Children --- p.13 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Transitional Effect on Migrant Childreńةs Health --- p.13 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Socio-demographic Effect on Migrant Childreńةs Health --- p.14 / Chapter 2.4 --- Potential Risk Factors for Health of Migrant Children except the Migration Status --- p.15 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Gender --- p.15 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Age --- p.16 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Duration of Residence in Host Society --- p.16 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Reside with Both Parents --- p.17 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Familýةs Social Economic Status --- p.17 / Chapter 2.5 --- Limitations of Previous Studies --- p.19 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Study Design --- p.21 / Chapter 3.1 --- Study Method --- p.21 / Chapter 3.2 --- Definition of Migrant Children --- p.22 / Chapter 3.3 --- Study Population --- p.22 / Chapter 3.4 --- Study Tool --- p.23 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Core Scale: World Health Organization Quality of Life - Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF) --- p.23 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Questionnaire for Child --- p.26 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Questionnaire for Parent --- p.26 / Chapter 3.5 --- Sampling Strategy and Data Collection Process --- p.28 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Pilot study --- p.28 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Main study --- p.30 / Chapter 3.6 --- Data Management --- p.36 / Chapter 3.7 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.38 / Chapter 3.8 --- Ethical Consideration --- p.42 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Results --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1 --- Reliability and Validity of WHOQOL-BREF --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- The Reliability and Validity of the Whole WHOQOL-BREF Scale --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- The Reliability and Validity of Each Health Domains: --- p.46 / Chapter 4.2 --- Migrants vs Residents in All Schools --- p.47 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- The differences of demographic characteristics --- p.47 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Health related quality of life (HRQOL) and self-reported physical health outcomes --- p.49 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Access to health services and health resources --- p.50 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Adoption of health promoting behaviors --- p.51 / Chapter 4.3 --- Migrants vs Residents in General primary Schools --- p.52 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Socio-demographic characteristics among children in general primary school --- p.52 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Health related quality of life (HRQOL) and self-reported physical health outcomes in general primary school --- p.53 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Access to health care services and health related resources in general primary school --- p.55 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Adoption of health promoting behaviors --- p.55 / Chapter 4.4 --- Comparisons of Migrant Children in Different School Settings --- p.56 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Comparison of socio-demographic characteristics of migrant children in different school settings --- p.56 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Health related quality of life (HRQOL) - Migrant children in different school settings --- p.58 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Self-reported physical health outcomes of migrant children in different types of schools --- p.59 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Access to health services and health related resources --- p.60 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Adoption of health promoting behaviors --- p.61 / Chapter 4.5 --- The Effect of Migration Controlling for Potential Confounding Factors --- p.62 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Within all primary schools --- p.62 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Within general primary schools --- p.68 / Chapter 4.6 --- The Effect of Migration on Access to Health Care Services Controlling for Potential Confounding Factors --- p.69 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Within all primary schools --- p.69 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Within general primary Schools --- p.70 / Chapter 4.7 --- The Effect of Migration on Adoption of Health Promoting Behaviors Controlling for Potential Confounding Factors --- p.71 / Chapter 4.7.1 --- Within all primary schools --- p.71 / Chapter 4.7.2 --- Within general primary schools --- p.72 / Chapter 4.8 --- Summary of Results --- p.73 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Discussion --- p.75 / Chapter 5.1 --- Interpretations of the Results --- p.75 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Health Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) and Self-Reported physical Health Outcomes --- p.75 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Access to Health Services and Health resources --- p.80 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Adoption of Health Promoting Behaviors --- p.84 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Other Interesting Findings --- p.85 / Chapter 5.2 --- Implications --- p.89 / Chapter 5.3 --- Strengths of This Study --- p.91 / Chapter 5.4 --- Addressing Potential Sources of Bias and Other Study Limitations --- p.92 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Potential Sampling Bias --- p.92 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Potential Reporting Bias --- p.94 / Chapter 5.5 --- Study for The Future --- p.95 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusions --- p.97 / Reference List --- p.98 / Appendix A: Summary of 74 Literature Review Papers --- p.108 / Appendix B: Questionnaires --- p.119 / Appendix C: Tables in Pilot Study --- p.127 / Appendix D: Reliability and Validity of WHOQOL-BREF --- p.129 / Appendix E: Tables in Main Study --- p.132