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by Cheng Chi-man, Francis. / Thesis submitted in: December 1998. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 177-199). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Abstract --- p.iii / List of Figures --- p.v / Chapter CHAPTER ONE: --- INTRODUCTION / Background of This Study --- p.1 / Aims and Objectives --- p.6 / Conceptual Framework --- p.7 / Civil Organization --- p.12 / Civil Society --- p.14 / State-Society Relationship --- p.15 / justification of this study --- p.20 / A Methodological Note --- p.24 / Chapter Outline --- p.26 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO: --- CONCEPT OF CIVIL SOCIETY REVISITED / Introduction --- p.30 / Western Tradition --- p.35 / Political Society and Civil Society --- p.36 / Economic Society and Civil Society --- p.37 / Paradoxes of Civil Society --- p.39 / Western Definition of Civil Society --- p.43 / Eastern Europe Tradition --- p.45 / Civil Society in Poland --- p.45 / Chinese Tradition --- p.48 / Philosophical-moral Reflection in China --- p.50 / Historical-sociological Reflection in China --- p.53 / Concluding Remarks --- p.56 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE: --- "STATE OVERWHELMED SOCIETY: STATE- MERCHANTS RELATIONSHIP FROM EARLY TO MIDDLE QING," / Introduction --- p.59 / Autocratic Legacies of Qing Dynasty --- p.61 / Merchants under Autocratic Tradition --- p.64 / Co-hong System： Representation of State-Merchants Relationship --- p.69 / Guilds of Merchant： A Long Haul --- p.76 / Concluding Remarks --- p.80 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR: --- "GENERAL BACKGROUND OF MERCHANTS' ORGANIZATIONS AT CANTON IN THE LATE QING,1896-1911" / Introduction --- p.84 / Popular Type of Merchants' Organization --- p.86 / Semi-official Type of Merchants' Organization --- p.89 / Concluding Remarks --- p.93 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE: --- ANALYSIS OF CANTON GENERAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE: REALIZATION OF MERCHANTS' AUTONOMY? / Introduction --- p.96 / Autonomy over Election and Decision Making Process --- p.98 / Autonomy over Finance --- p.103 / Autonomy over Activities --- p.106 / Functions of the Chamber --- p.108 / Participation in Public Affairs --- p.114 / Concluding Remarks --- p.120 / Chapter CHAPTER SIX: --- "DISCUSSION OF POLITICAL-ECONOMIC- CULTURAL DYNAMIC: AN EXPLANATION FOR RISE OF INTERPENETRATED MODE OF CIVIL SOCIETY IN CANTON IN THE LATE QING,1896-1911" / Introduction --- p.125 / Decline of State --- p.128 / Acceleration of Commercialization --- p.135 / Integration of Merchant Culture --- p.142 / Concluding Remarks --- p.149 / Chapter CHAPTER SEVEN: --- CONCLUSION / Concluding Review of Study --- p.154 / Suffocation of Emerged Civil Society --- p.164 / Achievement of Idea of Civil Society --- p.167 / Limitations of Study and Future Development --- p.169 / Appendices --- p.171 / Bibliography --- p.177 / Chinese Bibliography --- p.193 / Glossary --- p.200

黎明釗. / 複本為複印本. / 論文(歷史學部碩士)--香港中文大學硏究院, 1985. / 參考文獻: leaves 629-660. / Li Mingzhao. / Chapter 第一章 --- 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二章 --- 大學生對晚漢政治之反響 --- p.9 / Chapter 第一節 --- 漢代太學 --- p.9 / Chapter 第二節 --- 經學傳統與東漢士風 --- p.27 / Chapter 第三節 --- 太學生對漢末政治之態度 --- p.51 / Chapter 第四節 --- 太學生思想之趨向　 --- p.84 / Chapter 第三章 --- 颍川荀氏思想之轉變 --- p.144 / Chapter 第一節 --- 荀淑 --- p.146 / Chapter 第二節 --- 荀氏八龍及其同時期人物 --- p.162 / Chapter 第三節 --- 荀爽之《易》學　 --- p.179 / Chapter 第四節 --- 荀悦之《漢記》與《申鑒》 --- p.209 / Chapter 一 --- 荀悦生平 --- p.209 / Chapter 二 --- 《漢記》與《申鑒》對重建政治及社會秩序的構想 --- p.220 / Chapter 三 --- ℗¡ 荀悦對侵蝕社會秩序的因素之討論 --- p.253 / Chapter 四 --- 《漢記》、《申鑒》總結漢末清議與下開清談 --- p.281 / Chapter 第五節 --- 荀粲與漢魏清談 --- p.356 / Chapter 第四章 --- 王粲與荊州學派之關係 --- p.512 / Chapter 第一節 --- 王粲生平與思想 --- p.512 / Chapter 第二節 --- 王粲與荊州學派 --- p.546 / Chapter 第五章 --- 結語 --- p.619 / 參考書目 --- p.629

Qin, Shuang. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese.

Democracy was one of the many Western ideas that began to be discussed among the Chinese intellectual elite in the last decades of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). Liang Qichao (1873-1929), a leader of the 1895-98 Reform Movement, and Hu Shi (1891-1962), a central figure of the 1915-27 New Culture Movement, were two of the most influential proponents of democracy in modern Chinese history. Liang and Hu linked their meanings of democracy with the highest goals for China, national strength and modernity. Liang Qichao was a revolutionary in advocating the opening of participation in politics to people outside the official government structure through his leadership role in the 1895 Protest Petition. His abundant writings on political events and prescriptions for reform aroused the attention of a wider population than had previously considered national issues. Liang promoted political reforms during the years up to the 1911 Revolution, and then took a direct role in politics in the early Republic. Hu Shi expanded on the meaning of democracy to include social and political change. He, too, wrote prolifically and was a key figure in the literary renaissance which aimed to promote education of a broader spectrum of the populace by the use of the vernacular in writing. While Hu did not participate directly in political life, he was a constant advocate of democratic institutions and social and cultural progress. Both Liang and Hu placed a high value on education and tirelessly promoted the exploration of new ideas as the path to modernity. They both harshly criticized the governments under which they worked but preferred gradual reform rather than radical revolution. While their understanding of democracy differed in their generational contexts and personal experiences, they believed that thoughtful participation in politics and society was the core essence of democracy and modernity.

The concept of dissident under consideration in this study reveals that political and loyal dissent, non-conformity and well-meaning criticisms of government's wrong doings, and even the quest for democracy exist in China as they do in the West. Political struggle and the leadership's eagerness to gain the support of intellectuals provided Chinese intellectuals with the opportunity to express themselves. Similarly, power struggles within the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) have also become the spawning ground for some Chinese intellectuals to become dissidents.

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

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