晚清時期，翻譯傳記風行一時，尤其是歐美英雄傳記，引發了廣泛的迴響，但是迄今未能受到學界充分關注。就今日的眼光來看，這些文本承載新內容，塑造新典範，傳播新思想，蘊含新情感，在文學史、史學史、思想史上均佔據舉足輕重的地位，不可等閒視之。本文就以晚清翻譯傳記爲研究對象，在梳理歷史脈絡與文本源流的基礎上，考察晚清譯者如何塑造新的英雄譜系，如何奠定新的英雄典範。與此同時，本文將探討晚清譯者如何創造性地轉化中國傳統與域外資源，如何重組不同的本土思想傳統，與域外資源對接，如何在傳統與反傳統之間徘徊。本文以翻譯傳記的影響力、原創性爲標準，選取最受矚目的歐美英雄哥倫布、加里波第、俾斯麥、納爾遜之傳記譯介展開論述，至於文本的來源，主要是《新民叢報》與廣智書局發行的梁啟超及其同人的作品、林萬里的翻譯傳記與《圖畫日報》的改編版本。 / 本文主體包括五章。第一章從宏觀的角度考察晚清翻譯傳記的源流，通過大規模的原始資料發掘與源文本考據，從翻譯傳記出版形態、英雄譜系兩個角度加以梳理，證明晚清知識分子融合本土趣味與明治日本的影響，建構出晚清的近世歐美英雄譜。第二章至五章爲個案研究，代表了梁啟超塑造、影響英雄傳記譯介的四種模式，也反映了晚清譯者調動不同本土傳統，與域外思想對話的四種路向。第二章首先選取晚清哥倫布評傳展開分析，展示傳教士的知識論述與梁啟超的公德論述對於翻譯傳記的影響。相對而言，後者佔據更重要的位置，梁啟超轉化明治日本思想，創造「進取冒險」等觀念，林萬里與《圖畫日報》藉以塑造哥倫布形象。與此同時，他們也依據各自的立場，援引儒家倫理等思想資源，建構出公私兼顧的英雄典範。第三章關注的英雄是加里波第，展現俠論述在晚清的流變。本章的探討從康有爲、梁啟超戊戌年間的尚俠論述開始，延伸到梁啟超的加里波第傳記，以及受其影響的廣智書局同人、林萬里、《圖畫日報》等譯本，也涉及其夫人馬尼他之傳記。本章會著重關注譯者如何塑造大俠的事功、人格與感情，顯示俠論述、儒家論述與國族論述的衝突與合流。第四章的主角是俾斯麥，他重權術、不擇手段追求事功的行爲方式，與儒家傳統格格不入。本章考察晚清評傳譯者如何調動國族論述與諸子學等新舊思想觀念，爲俾斯麥辯護，將其塑造爲英雄，從而衝擊了儒家傳統。第五章研究的是納爾遜評傳。梁啟超在政論文中取法明治日本，借用「名譽心」、「進取冒險」等概念定義納爾遜形象。後來的林萬里等譯者延續梁啟超的思路又與之對話，引入儒家學說，重塑「名譽」、「勇」等觀念，調整事功與道德的關係。不僅如此，他們還帶入通俗文學與「情」論述，渲染納爾遜的兒女情，從而融合了傳記書寫與抒情傳統。 / Late Qing Period witnessed an unprecedented boom of translated biographies, especially those focusing on Western heroes, but till now most texts have not received sustained critical attention from scholars in Chinese studies. From today’s point of view, those translated biographies not only portray new heroes, but also disseminate new ideas and new structure of feeling, which necessitate a thorough and in-depth research. My dissertation, based on a full-scale survey of the above-mentioned translated biographies, attempts to explore how late Qing intellectuals appropriated and recast foreign texts, images of Western heroes and alien ideas, and how they transformed traditional Chinese hero models by integrating a wide range of indigenous and foreign resources. I would like to focus on four groups of key texts by considering their impact, originality, and the influence of their originals: the biographies of Columbus, Garibaldi, Bismarck and Nelson translated or adapted by Liang Qichao, his anonymous colleagues, Lin Wanli and the journalist of an illustrated daily newspaper published in Shanghai. / My dissertation consists of five chapters. Chapter One examines the genealogy of Western heroes constructed by late Qing intellectuals. I will demonstrate that although Meiji Japanese biographies had a dominant influence, late Qing translators showed a strong autonomy when selecting texts for translation to meet their political and cultural concerns. From Chapter Two to Chapter Five, I will center on the biographies of four heroes, also representing four roles Liang Qichao played in shaping late Qing translated biographies, and four approaches of late Qing translators’ integration of indigenous and foreign thoughts. My cases studies begin with the translated biographies of Columbus, and my discussion will focus on the influence of the missionaries’ discourse of knowledge and Liang Qichao’s discourse of public morality (gongde) on the translated biographies. Special attention will be given to Liang Qichao’s construction of adventurous spirit (jinqu maoxian) on the basis of Meiji Japanese discourse. By appropriating Liang’s concept as well as Confucianism ideas, late Qing translators portrayed Columbus as an embodiment of public morality. Chapter Three pays attention to the translated biographies of Garibaldi. My analysis covers a wide range of texts from Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao’s early discourse on Chinese knight-errant (xia), Liang’s translated biographies of Garibaldi, to various derivative texts. This chapter will examine how late Qing translators revitalize and transform the Chinese minor tradition of knight-errant worship by assimilating Confucian discourse and nationalism discourse. Chapter Fours will give closer scrutiny to the translated biographies of Bismarck, a problematic figure whose use of diplomatic sleight of hand and political trickery contradicts Confucius’ moral doctrine. However, fascinated by his great achievement of German unification, late Qing translators all attempt to defend Bismarck by appropriating concepts of Pre-Qin Philosophers (zhuzi xue) and nationalism. Chapter Five discusses the biographies of Nelson. Liang Qichao’s essays marked the beginning of interpreting the military figure as an embodiment of honor and adventurous spirit. Lin Wanli and other translators, under Liang’s influence, strove to redefine the concept of honor and bravery by drawing elements from Confucianism. They also put a lot of emphasis on Nelson’s love affairs and in so doing, introduced elements of popular fiction and drama into biographical writings. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 崔文東. / Parallel title from added title page. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 234-249). / Abstracts also in English. / Cui Wendong.

University of Macau / Faculty of Arts and Humanities. / Department of English

Keywords. Simultaneous Interpreting; Compression; Strategy; Chinese (Cantonese)-English / Studying compression has both theoretical and practical implications for quality assessment in interpreting, interpreter training and interpreting practice. It could also provide us with concrete and palpable signs of the interpreting process. The findings of the study may also be applied to other language pairs, to the translation of subtitles, and to sign language interpreting. The research provides us with a new perspective to the objective assessment of some phenomena in SI, such as omissions, substitutions, deletions and simplifications. / The aim of this thesis is to investigate the use of compression strategy in simultaneous interpreting (SI) with reference to the language combination of Chinese (Cantonese) and English. The study uses concepts in linguistics, such as the Economy Principle, pragmatics, such as the Cooperative Principle and translation theories, such as Chernov's (1987/2004) categories of compression, Levy's (1967) MiniMax Principle, Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS), Skopos Theory, and "the Theory of Sense." The thesis addresses the following questions: (1) To what extent professional simultaneous interpreters resort to compression as a strategy in Chinese and English SI? (2) Is compression intrinsic to the process of SI and universal for all language combinations? If so, are Chernov's categories of compression applicable to Chinese and English SI? (3) What are the causes and factors of compression in SI? How factors such as contexts and situations, textual inferences and syntactic differences in the two language systems affect interpreters' use of compression as a strategy in SI? / The study concludes that interpreters use compression as a linguistic coping strategy to match with the speakers' delivery speed in the specific discourse environments and contexts of SI under temporal constraints. Compression is also a "labour-saving device" to cope with the cognitive load in the extreme conditions by simultaneous interpreters. It is also a stylistic device to achieve brevity and clarity for the target text, and an effective communicative device to realize the communicative act which benefits the addressees. Compression is found to be intrinsic to the process of SI which could be argued as a universal phenomenon and a universal strategy for all language combinations. / This research uses the quantitative and qualitative methods. It adopts a corpus-based approach, embracing discourse analysis, DTS, participant observation and simple statistics. This is achieved through compiling a parallel corpus of the performance of professional simultaneous interpreters in three meetings of Hong Kong Legislative Council (LegCo) in which the renderings are made from Cantonese into English, i.e. from A Language to B Language. It is found that compression occurs in 60% of the whole discourse in all the three meetings and compressions are used mainly as a linguistic coping strategy in specific situations and temporal constraints due to linguistic redundancy in human languages and specific characteristics of the spoken language. All of Chernov's categories of compression are found in Chinese (Cantonese) and English SI, such as syllabic compression, lexical compression, syntactic compression, semantic compression and situational compression. Pragmatic compression is also found in the data. The main factors of compression are linguistic redundancy of languages, specific characteristics of the spoken language, speech contexts and situations, different syntactic structures of Chinese and English, and interpreters' manipulation with delivery speed under stringent temporal constraints in the process of SI. Professional skills and experiences of individual interpreters and their delivery speed have also affected their use of compression in SI. / Wang, Yongqiu. / Adviser: Chan Sin-wai. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: A, page: 2019. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 303-320). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

盧慧欣. / "2001年8月" / 論文 (哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2001. / 參考文獻 (leaves 142-152) / 附中英文摘要. / "2001 nian 8 yue" / Lu Huixin. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2001. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 142-152) / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一章： --- 翻譯的透明度 / Chapter 1.1 --- 「透明度」釋義 --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2 --- 讀者與翻譯的透明度 --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3 --- 文努迪與赫曼斯論翻譯的「透明度」 --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- 隱形的譯者´ؤ´ؤ文努迪 --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- 不透明的翻譯行爲´ؤ´ؤ赫曼斯 --- p.22 / Chapter 第二章： --- 字幕翻譯的透明度 / Chapter 2.1 --- 電影翻譯的形式 --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2 --- 字幕與配音的出現 --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3 --- 字幕翻譯的透明度 --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- 配音的透明度 --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4 --- 香港的電影翻譯發展由「解話佬」到字幕翻譯 --- p.38 / Chapter 第三章： --- 漢語書面語字幕的透明度 / Chapter 3.1 --- 詞義闡釋 --- p.42 / Chapter 3.2 --- 粤語與規範漢語的分歧一香港口語與書面語的割裂 --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3 --- 漢語書面語字幕的透明度 --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- 口語訊息的歪曲 --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- 人物形象及語言特色的劃一 --- p.51 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- 語域的限制 --- p.58 / Chapter 第四章： --- 粤語字幕的透明度 / Chapter 4.1 --- 粤語書寫語的應用 --- p.62 / Chapter 4.2 --- 外語電影的粤語字幕翻譯 --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- 發展槪況 --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- 分類 --- p.82 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- 應用特點 --- p.86 / Chapter 4.3 --- 《玩謝麥高維治》的粤語字幕 --- p.96 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- 粤語字幕與電影人物的話語特徵 --- p.97 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- 粤語語音與電影對白的聲音效果 --- p.111 / Chapter 第五章： --- 香港觀眾與粤語字幕的透明度 / Chapter 5.1 --- 電影討論區的觀眾意見 --- p.117 / Chapter 5.2 --- 觀眾意向問卷調查 --- p.123 / Chapter 5.3 --- 商業系統中的觀眾因素 --- p.128 / 總結 / 粤語字幕的透明度 --- p.131 / 粤語字幕的限制與發展空間 --- p.132 / 附錄一：電影討論區觀眾意見表列 --- p.137 / 附錄二 ：字幕翻譯問卷調查受訪者資料 --- p.141 / 參考書目 --- p.142

More importantly, the possibility is explored that this critical methodology can be employed to examine the translations of DDJ produced in other periods, so as to ask and answer questions of the representation of the source text and the construction of the translator’s identities. This thesis is organized into nine chapters. Chapter 1 reviews the literature on the study of translations of DDJ, and discusses the issues arising from approaches discussed above. Chapter 2 sets out the theoretical framework within which to pursue the line of inquiry proposed by this thesis. Chapters 3 to 8 provide detailed analyses of the representations of the six translations under study, and discuss the construction of the translator’s identity in each of these translations. Chapter 9 provides a summary of the findings, and suggests potential avenues for future research ;自1868年以来，到2011年为止，至少产生了143个《道德经》英译本，大部分译本都附有序言、评论、注释等副文本。Julia M. Hardy以及受其影响的学者将20世纪上半叶《道德经》英译的道家阐释总结为：一种可以帮助西方反思、批评或解救西方文化危机的东方智慧。但是本研究发现，此结论与已有的一些研究成果并不完全相符。不完全相符的原因在于，以往研究在总结某个时期的译本道家阐释时，未能批判使用“历史分期和“译者背景这两种研究途径来选择译本和阐释译本内容；而在这背后主导这两种研究途径的是均质、统一、连续、进步的历史观，以及离具体历史语境的、单一、固定的身份观。 针对以上《道德经》英译的研究途径问题，本研究将引入Michel Foucault（1972/2002）所提出的异质、断裂的历史观，以及Stuart Hall（1990，1992，1996）主张的历史构建的，变化的，复杂的身份观。在这两种理论视角之下，结合Hall（1997）的表征概念和Foucault（1981）的话语概念，来考察20世纪上半叶（1936年-1950年）所有中国译者的6个英译本，并将译文及与之相关的副文本结合起来，分析道家思想在这些译本中是如何被表征的，以及译者在表征过程中是如何构建其身份的。 本研究发现，在6个译本分析中，其中3个译本在不同程度上符合以往研究所总结的这一时期的道家阐释一种可以帮助西方反思、批评或解救西方文化危机的东方智慧；而其余三个译者则使用其他各种话语建构出完全不同面貌的道家思想；并且6个译者身份有着与其背景极为复杂的融合、排斥和转化关系，构建出一种变化、复杂，历史构建的译者身份。因此，“历史分期或“译者背景仍然可以作为研究的起点确立研究《道德经》英译史的范围，但需要批判地使用，从副文本出发结合与之紧密相关的正文考察译本表征和译者身份。更为重要的是，在后续的《道德经》英译史研究中，可以将这一方法去进一步考察其余各个时期和（或）有着某种译者背景的译本，揭示可能存在的译本表征和译者身份的多样性和复杂性。 全文共分九章。第一章为绪论，介绍《道德经》英译研究背景和研究现状，并反思均质、连续历史观和非历史身份观所带来的问题。第二章为理论框架，运用Foucault和Hall的相关理论思想来继续探讨这些问题。第三章到第八章将逐章详细分析每一个译本的道家表征，再据此探讨各个译者身份的构建。第九章为本研究结论和意义。 =During the period 1868-2011, at least 143 English translations of the Daoist classic Dao De Jing (DDJ) were published, most of which were accompanied by a preface, commentary, annotation or other paratexts. Julia M. Hardy, whose work has exerted great influence on many scholars, has concluded that the translations of DDJ produced during the first half of the twentieth century were intended to provide a kind of eastern wisdom capable of helping the West to examine, critique or save its own culture, which was perceived to be in a state of crisis. However, a review of the literature suggests that Hardy’s conclusion has limited applicability, and it is argued here that this limited applicability can be attributed to the problematic use of periodization and background information about translators, which reflects an uncritical application of methodologies informed by a historical perspective that stresses homogeneity, unity, continuity and progress, as well as by a view of identity as non-historical, single and fixed. To address issues arising from the application of these methodologies to the study of translations of DDJ, this thesis adopts a historical perspective informed by Michel Foucault’s (1972/2002) discussion of heterogeneity and discontinuity, and follows Stuart Hall’s (1990, 1992, 1996) view of identity as historical, unfixed and complicated. With reference to Hall’s (1997) discussions about representation and Foucault’s (1981) discussions about discourse, thesis will examine all the six English translations of DDJ, along with the paratexts, published between 1936 and 1950, with a view to investigating how Daoism is represented in each of these translations and how the translators’ identities are constructed in the process of representing DDJ. Investigation shows that, of the six translations, three translations are to different degrees consistent with the conclusion drawn by previous studies that Daoism is treated as an eastern wisdom capable of helping the West to examine, critique or save its own culture. In the other three translations, however, Daoism is presented quite differently, with reference to various discourses. Moreover, the six translators’ identities are intricately related to their social, cultural or educational backgrounds. They may be integrated, excluded, and (or) transformed, as complex, provisional identities are constructed in historical contexts. These findings, to some extent, suggest that translators’ backgrounds and periodization can be critically employed as a starting point for demarcating the scope of study. However, such approaches should be supplemented by a thorough and systematic examination of paratexts.

University of Macau / Faculty of Arts and Humanities. / Department of Portuguese

published_or_final_version / abstract / Chinese / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Chinese / Master / Master of Philosophy

University of Macau / Faculty of Arts and Humanities. / Department of English

University of Macau / Faculty of Arts and Humanities. / Department of English