published_or_final_version / Chinese / Master / Master of Philosophy

Abstract The dissertation studies a number of poems on drama-watching culled from collected works of Qing-dynasty writers. From the perspectives of drama criticism, intertextuality, as well as the history of the attitudes of literati, the present study aims to reexamine the following issues of Qing drama, namely: a) the development and changes of dramatic aesthetics, b) the relation between the poets and their poems on drama-watching, c) the interaction between the writers and actors/actresses, and d) the formation of relevant poetic criticism. These issues are of great significance in the scholarship of Qing drama but have not been given much attention. There are two clues in the thesis, namely one to the attitude of the literati revealed in the poems, and the other to the specific "poetic criticism on drama" from the literati's perspectives. Chapters two to five examine the literati's attitudes of the four periods of the Qing. Chapter two focuses on the transitional period of Ming and Qing (1644-1661), when the majority of drama-watching poems were written as expressions of sentiments on dynastic changes rather than dramatic criticism. This inception period saw a large number of poems. Chapter three studies the poems writing during the reigns of Emperors Kangxi and Yongzheng (1662-1722), focusing on the writers' reflection on history. The plays of this period mainly concerned history and witnessed the strict censorship for public performance. Therefore, the poems written in this period demonstrate the different choices and encountering allowed by the political backgrounds of the time. Chapter four explores the aesthetic tastes of literati of the Qianlong and Jiaqing (1723-1820) reign-periods. Prominent features of these poems include the lauding tone of the flourishing empire and the pursuit of exquisite life styles. Chapter five focuses on the late Qing (1821-1911) period. Through the analysis of the poems by women writers, it discusses the new, trans-gender trend triggered by feminine vision on drama writing and watching a. Chapters six to eight discuss drama-watching poems respectively from three perspectives, namely literati's comments on the actors, the reception of the drama texts, and the criticism of drama. Chapter six makes use of a book, Historical Records of Yandu Theatres in the Qing Dynasty (Qingdai Yandu liyuan shiliao) and explains that among Qing literati there was formed a system of "poetic appraisal of actors," which was an integration of the traditions of appraising poetry, paintings, etc. The aesthetic criteria in the system represented a unique phenomenon in the interactions between literati and actors and gave rise to this unique kind of poetic criticism on dramatic performance art. Chapter seven offers new, in-depth interpretations of theme and plot of selected dramatic texts from the perspective of meta-vision. It also argues that the poetic criticism on drama actually realized the process of canonization. Chapter eight focuses on the practice of "poetic appraisal of drama," which evolved from "poetic appraisal of poetry." The perception and comments on dramas largely enriched dramatic criticism by the topics about the poets' distinctive tastes and interests in writing, rhyming, and even diction choices. In short, the value of drama-watching poems lies in its special critical system based on the observation of drama. The genre reached its maturity in the last heydays of classical literature, and integrated multi-dimensional cultural elements such as poetry, drama, painting, and chess. What is more, it also involves other aspects such as the attitude of literati, their recreation and entertainment, aspiration and pursuits, social reality, etc., and makes a miniature of the cultural life style of Qing literati.;本文旨在將分散於清人詩文集中的觀劇詩作集中搜集和整理，以這些史料為依託，從觀劇詩的創作者（即文人群體）入手，藉助文人心態史研究、戲曲批評研究、文本互涉研究等方法，重新審視清代戲曲的審美需求如何轉變，觀劇詩與其作者之間有著怎樣密切的關係，伶人與文人如何相處，觀劇組詩如何建構為戲曲批評系統等問題，這些問題都是清代戲曲研究中不可忽視，卻又尚未深入的話題。行文共分為兩條線索：一是觀劇詩所體現的文人心態；二是濡染著文人審美眼光的「以詩論戲」的戲曲批評。第二章至第五章以時間為序，將觀劇詩呈現的文人心態通過四個時期進行論述：第二章是明清鼎革之際（1644-1661），探析文人面對易鼎的變化，借觀劇詩寄託興亡之感，明清之際是戲曲雅俗轉變的主要階段，大量文人介入戲曲及觀劇詩創作，首先保證了觀劇詩的質量，但仍屬於初期階段，多以記錄演劇或世變之思為主，鮮少有劇論性質的作品；第三章是康雍年間（1662-1722），文人轉向對歷史進行反思，此時出現的傳奇雙璧都多少關涉到史實，搬演之路經歷了由禁到解禁的坎坷路程，其是否可以搬演主要取決於統治者，因此文人對歷史的反思只能遊走在主流話語所給予的限度之間，這一時期的觀劇詩恰好記錄了文人因禁演所作出的不同選擇與遭際；第四章是乾嘉時期（1723-1820），此時的文人多未經歷過易鼎之痛，成長於新朝，感念皇恩，從宮廷到民間的觀劇都彰顯著盛世的繁華，觀戲聽曲重新回到對閒賞旨趣的追求；第五章是晚清時期（1821-1911），演劇活動較為豐富，加之心學與性靈的影響，女性開始走出閨閣並創作觀劇詩，詩中女性對家國、生死、功名等話題的關注呈現出向男性視角跨界的傾向。第六至第八章分別從文人對伶人的審美評判、文人對戲曲文本的接受、觀劇組詩蘊含的戲曲批評三個方面以專題形式進行探討。第六章中以《清代燕都梨園史料》為中心，文人結合中國文化傳統中的詩品、畫品等形式構建了一套「以詩品花」（花指伶人）的系統，形成了品評式的審美標準，成為文人與伶人交往中的獨特現象，同時也是只有觀劇詩才能實現的詩美藝術。第七章中觀劇詩以後設視角（meta vision）重新解讀戲曲文本，是對戲曲主題、情節的深入解讀，在清代演出頻率較高或常常被提及的作品中，大量的觀劇詩創作整合在一起，更便於審視戲曲作品的經典化問題。第八章中則專門探討「以詩論曲」這一評點範式，其由「以詩論詩」發展而來，同時蘊含著文人對戲曲的品讀、認識，這些個體的體悟並不是同一的，而是各抒己見，評點範圍涉及創作論、曲論，甚至煉字與用韻等諸多層面，豐富了戲曲評論的內涵。綜上，觀劇詩的主要價值在於其對戲曲的關注所形成的獨特評點體系，這一評點體系成熟於古典文學發展最後的高峰時期，是結合了詩、詞、曲、畫、棋等多重文化維度的戲曲批評，同時又不僅僅局限於「以詩論曲」，其涉及的文化層面涵蓋了文人心態、娛樂閒賞、理想追求、社會現實等諸多層面，也是清代文人生活的縮影。

This dissertation examines the cultural dilemma that Chinese intellectuals are forced to confront with between tradition and Western Scholarship in Late Imperial and Modern China. As a traditional poet and scholar, Huang Jie (1873-1935) believed that the Manchurian reign was the reason for China’s collapse during Late Qing Era, and Chinese traditional culture would be the only remedy for the rapidly decaying society. Therefore, Huang initiated the campaign named “Nationality Conservation” in the aim of overthrowing the Manchu Empire. While sticking to “conservative” values, Huang adopted foreign/ Western cultural concepts and attempted to rephrase them with Chinese scholarship. All these endeavors had made Huang’s cultural identity confusing. Hence, this dissertation attempts to deal with Huang Jie’s understanding of culture through analyzing his poetry writings and poetic studies. Immersed by Confucian doctrines about the relationship between poetry and politics, Huang paid special attention to the cultural cultivating function of classical poetry. This ideology of “Cultivation through Poetry” was specifically generated from the Mao Shixu in Eastern Han Dynasty, and then repeatedly expressed in Huang’s poetic works in order to change the corrupt Modern society. In spite of this, Huang still respected and paid serious attention to the literariness of poetry, either in poetry writings or poetic studies. He spent great efforts on the prosody and therefore was well commended among Late Qing and Early Republican poets. Hence, this dissertation thoroughly examines how Huang Jie negotiated the tension between political and literary aspects of classical poetry. After introducing his life history and the ideology of “Cultivation through Classical Poetry”, chapter two and three focus on themes and characteristics of Huang’s poetry. These two chapters explore how Huang established his own poetic style under the trend of Song Poetry Movement commencing from Late Qing. The last chapter investigates Huang’s view on the evolution of literature and focuses on his abundant studies of classical poetry. In the conclusion, this dissertation would like to demonstrate that as a poet and scholar, Huang Jie established the traditional cultural identity, same as his friends in Nanshe, while his faith of “Cultivation through classical poetry” was well challenged at that tumultuous Modern time. / published_or_final_version / Chinese / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Chinese / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Wang Tao (1828-1897) had significant contributions in various fields, including the press, education and translation. He spared no effort to introduce advanced western ideas to China. These contributions and his dramatic life aroused the interest of scholars. In recent years, scholars noted the achievements of his fiction-writing and and published a large number of papers on this topic. However, his achievements in poetry-writing did not receive much attention. In order to fill this gap, the present thesis focuses on Wang Tao’s poetry-writing, aiming to give a comprehensive survey of his poems written before his exile to Hong Kong in 1862. The thesis is divided into five chapters. Chapter one illustrates the research background, the scope of the study and the research methodology employed. Chapter two is an analytical account of Wang Tao’s life with particular emphasis on how important events in his life influenced the styles of his poems. Chapter three illustrates Wang Tao’s concept of poetry-writing. Chapter four discusses the contents, artistry and styles of Wang’s poems in the specified period. Chapter five is the conclusion. It sums up the characteristics of Wang Tao’s early poetry and gives a critical account of the comments made by various reviewers. Wang Tao claimed that the style of his early poems was soft and plaintive（側媚）. It became “wild and unrestrained” （豪放粗獷）after he had experienced serious mishaps in his life. This drastic change has been fully addressed in the thesis. / published_or_final_version / Chinese / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Chinese / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Chinese / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Chinese / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Chinese / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

閨秀是清代文壇的一股新興力量，她們以獨特的女性寫作風格和視角為清代文學乃至整個中國文學注入了新鮮的水源。清代閨秀作家相較於前代，在詩詞創作方面出現一個不容忽視的特點，即在前代女作家重複傳遞的閨情閨怨之外，開拓了對日常生活的書寫。然而目前學界未有圍繞清代閨秀詩詞日常生活書寫的專著，涉及清代閨秀詩詞日常化的論文也十分稀少。有見於此，本文圍繞「清代閨秀如何書寫日常生活」這一問題展開論述，試圖彌補前人之不足。本文包含七章，除第一章「緒論」及第七章「結論」之外，二至六章的主要內容分別如下: 第二章主要通過史料文獻還原清代女性的日常生活樣貌。清代閨秀的日常生活，既有中饋理家和侍親課子等方面對於婦德的順從，又有讀書吟詠和閨外行旅等傳統婦德之外的內容。第三章以清代女性詠物詩詞為重點研究文本，主要分析詠物詩詞中大量湧現的日常化吟詠對象；同時探討詠物詩詞的日常化寫作手法和情志表達。第四章重點分析自清代才大量出現的女性家務詩詞。一方面與男性文人筆下對勞動女性的書寫作對比研究，另一方面探討家務書寫對於閨秀的意義。第五章從三個方面對清代閨秀書寫日常生活的方式進行梳理，包括拓展選材範圍、增添日記元素和關注現實生活。第六章考察清代女性詩詞日常化的原因。清代女性詩詞出現日常化的趨勢，是創作主體的改變、儒家禮儀道德規範的引導，以及文壇風氣等多重因素共同作用的結果。Elite women writers (guixiu 閨秀)were are vitalizing force in the literary field of the Qing Dynasty. With their unique gendered writing style and perspective, they brought fresh blood to Qing Dynasty literature, and in a broader sense, to Chinese literature as well. Compared with the previous generations, Qing elite women writers had a prominent feature in their writing of poetry. That is, in addition to the lyrical themes already repeatedly dealt with by earlier female writers, they started writing about their daily life. However, no monograph has been published on the writing of daily life in Qing elite women's poetry and little has been discovered on how their attention turned to the writing of daily life. This thesis fills this research gap through addressing the following question: how did Qing elite women write about everyday life? This article is divided into seven chapters, flanked by an introduction in Chapter One and a conclusion in Chapter Seven. Abstracts of Chapters Two to Six are as follows: Chapter Two outlines a reconstruction of the daily life of women in the Qing Dynasty through historical texts. It touches upon the expansion of Qing elite women's living space through comparison with previous generations. Besides taking on familial and parental responsibilities, Qing elite women expanded their living space by writing poetry and traveling. Chapter Three focuses on poems on objects (yongwu shici詠物詩詞) written by women in the Qing Dynasty. It analyzes the daily objects that appeared in a large number of poems. It also discusses the writing techniques and artistic expressions of these poems. Chapter Four focuses on women's poems on housework, a genre which did not appear until the Qing Dynasty. On the one hand, the chapter compares such poems with working women depicted by male literati; on the other hand, it discusses the significance of writing about housework for elite women of the time. Chapter Five organizes the approach Qing elite female writers had taken in writing about daily life from three aspects, namely, broadening their scope of topic selection, adding diary-like elements to their works and showing interests in family livelihood. The Sixth Chapter investigates the reasons behind the popularization of writing about daily life in Qing women's poetry. This trend is the result of a number of reasons: the change of writing subject, the guiding of Confucian moral norms and the climate of the literary circle at the time.