published_or_final_version / Comparative Asian Studies / Master / Master of Arts

published_or_final_version / Comparative Asian Studies / Master / Master of Arts

手稿本. / Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學. / Shou gao ben. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 338-342). / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue. / Chapter 第一章 --- 導論 / Chapter 第二章 --- 初期的菲化運動（一九三四´ؤ´ؤ四四） / Chapter 第一節 --- 天然富源、土地與公共企業菲化條文 / Chapter 第二節 --- 零售業、勞工、米黍與簿記菲化之建議 / Chapter 第三節 --- 反對外僑子女菲化案 / Chapter 第四節 --- 奎松總統言論之分析 / Chapter 第三章 --- 第二階段的菲化運動（一九四六´ؤ´ؤ一九五三） / Chapter 第一節 --- 菲化運動的提案 / Chapter 第二節 --- 公共菜市菲化案 / Chapter 第三節 --- 銀行與專門職業之菲化 / Chapter 第四節 --- 入口統制與外匯統制 / Chapter 第四章 --- 菲化運動的高潮（一九五四´ؤ´ؤ一九六一） / Chapter 第一節 --- 風起雲湧的菲化提案 / Chapter 第二節 --- 零售商業菲化律及其影響 / Chapter 第三節 --- 米黍業菲化律 / Chapter 第四節 --- 反傀儡律與龔馬加溜案 / Chapter 第五節 --- 教育菲化案 / Chapter 第六節 --- 入境限制與歸化條件 / Chapter 第五章 --- 菲化運動之原因分析 / Chapter 第一節 --- 偏激民族主義之作祟 / Chapter 第二節 --- 對共產主義滲透之恐懼 / Chapter 第三節 --- 中國文化之不可同化性 / Chapter 第六章 --- 最近菲化運動的趨勢（一九六二´ؤ´ؤ六八） / Chapter 第一節 --- 國民黨失敗之原因 / Chapter 第二節 --- 馬加巴牙對華僑之政策 / Chapter 第三節 --- 馬可仕對華僑的態度 / Chapter 第七章 --- 結論 / Chapter 附錄一 --- 零售商業菲化律 / Chapter 附錄二 --- 米黍業菲化律 / Chapter 附錄三 --- 反傀儡律 / 參考書目

This study presents an analysis of Chinese trade ceramic data from a stratified burial site in the Philippines representing two main proto-historic periods in the 12th and 14th centuries A.D. An ethnographic model constructed from ethno-historical data is used to generate hypotheses which are evaluated by means of quantitative analyses designed to test for social complexity in each period. The results of analyses are then assessed in terms of symbolic patterns derived from the ethnographic model. The research framework includes the construction of a methodological structure designed to incorporate both processual and symbolic approaches to archaeological analysis. The Pila cultural system is treated as an open, non-homeostatic system incorporating tangible and intangible elements, some aspects of which are not amenable to exact definition or measurement. Major areas of focus include the trade sub-system, the social sub-system and the ritual subsystem. Hypotheses test for social differentiation in terms of wealth, descent, social roles, and specialization of function; for hierarchy and centralization in terms of corporate control; for symbolic content of artifacts and ritual patterns; and for culture change in terms of increased social complexity in the later period. Analyses involve the evaluation of quantitative differences in amount of goods; patterns of spatial distribution throughout the site and within individual burials; and comparisons of burial treatment between individuals and between sub-groups. Major areas of theoretical concern include the question of status differentiation in prehistory, and the extent to which inferences can be made from mortuary patterns; the relationship between material culture, social organization and ideology; and the effects of prolonged long-distance trade on the internal complexity of a cultural group. I conclude that in Pila, mortuary patterns represent an accurate reflection of socio-cultural patterns in general. The results of the analyses support the applicability of the ethnographic model of Pila as an egalitarian society with a prominent ideological component in which Chinese ceramics played an important role. I conclude that a recursive relationship is seen to exist between material culture, social organization and ideology. In particular, that the physical characteristics of Chinese ceramics, characterized by durability, resonance, impermeability and light-reflecting glazes, caused them to become closely identified with all aspects of ritual, and to reinforce the ideological patterns of Pila. These ideological patterns include a belief in powerful ancestor and nature spirits which control all aspects of life and death. Associated with this are petitionary rituals of every kind, conducted mainly within the family circle in a one-to-one relationship with the spirits, and involving the use of Chinese ceramics as important ritual objects. The mortuary data also indicates that culture change, characterized by a slight general increase in social complexity, occurred between the earlier and later cultural periods. This increase in social complexity appears to be associated with the long-standing trading contacts with China, in terms of economic impact as well as diffusion of certain cultural elements. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate