Submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master’s Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa. 2017. / Introduction: Chiropractic treatment of animals is a young and dynamic field of interest among chiropractors, veterinarians and animal owners. As a young profession, regulation of animal chiropractic is limited to only a few countries, with regulatory models in various legal paradigms. Bosman (2012) determined through a qualitative investigation that in order for the profession to grow, it would require well defined guidelines, proper governance, appropriate legislation and set educational standards. Presently there is a paucity in the literature regarding animal chiropractic regulation. Through a comparative study of current international animal chiropractic regulatory models, possible international trends in animal chiropractic regulation can be identified. This could assist in identifying any possible short comings or positive developments and possible future areas of progress in the regulation of animal chiropractic. Aim: To determine the regulatory status of animal chiropractic in selected countries, at statutory and professional association level, in order to ascertain whether an international trend in animal chiropractic regulation exists. Method: The study was a comparative analysis. The sample consisted of ten jurisdictions spread over seven countries. These were Australia (Victoria and Queensland), Canada (Ontario and Alberta), Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States of America (Texas and California). The validated data collection sheet (Appendix B) was used to extract quantitative data through the various organisations’ web pages and communication with the relevant organisations. Results: The regulation of the practice of animal chiropractic was found to be in various stages of regulation, with it being unregulated or largely unregulated in three out of the ten jurisdictions included in this study. In seven out of the ten jurisdictions the regulation of the practice of animal chiropractic fell under government devolved authority to the veterinary statutory regulatory body, although regulation was not very extensive in most of these jurisdictions. Four of the jurisdictions with regulation of the practice of animal chiropractic through government devolved authority had national animal chiropractic professional associations and two of the jurisdictions in which the practice of animal chiropractic was unregulated had a national professional association. None of these professional associations held government sanctioned authority. Statutory regulation played a more significant role in regulation of the practice of animal chiropractic in terms of the existence of codes of ethics, complaints and disciplinary procedures and CPD requirements than the national animal chiropractic professional associations did. Significance was also found in the legal requirement of registration as veterinarian or chiropractor in jurisdictions where veterinary referral was a legal requirement for chiropractic practitioners of animal chiropractic and where post-graduate animal chiropractic qualifications were only recognised by the veterinary statutory regulatory bodies if it was a legal requirement for registered veterinarians and chiropractors. No professional statutory regulatory body regulated or required regulation by educational statutory regulatory bodies or international accreditation of animal chiropractic education. The significance of national animal chiropractic professional associations was limited to their codes of ethics as it correlated with their limitation of membership by the professional association to mostly registered veterinary and chiropractic practitioners holding a post-graduate animal chiropractic qualification. Several trends were identified that could either hinder or promote the development of appropriate regulation for the practice of animal chiropractic. Conclusion: From the comparison of the current animal chiropractic regulation it was found that cooperation between veterinary and chiropractic statutory regulatory bodies appears to be important for the development of suitable and effective regulation of the practice of animal chiropractic. The study suggests that there is a need for standardisation and regulation of animal chiropractic education and the definition of the animal chiropractic scope of practice. This study also suggests continuation of cooperation between chiropractors and veterinarians that has been sought since the inception of the animal chiropractic profession. Involvement of functioning national animal chiropractic professional associations with the development of appropriate regulation, defining of animal chiropractic scopes of practice and promotion of the unity, integrity and identity of the animal chiropractic profession is recommended to achieve growth for animal chiropractic as a profession. / M

A dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Masters Degree in Technology: Chiropractic at Technikon Natal, 2002. / Tension-type headache is generally accepted as the most common form of headache and has been shown to have a great impact on work and social activities (Shwartz et al. 1998). Tension-type headache occurs in 39% of people who suffer from headache symptoms with a higher incidence among females, and a peak in the 25-44 year old age group (Wong et al. 1995). The purpose of this study was to investigate the relative effectiveness of 1000mg acetaminophen (paracetamol) combined with 130mg caffeine as opposed to cervical manipulation as a treatment for tension-type headache. / M

Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for a Master’s Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, 2012. / Background: Animal chiropractic, an internationally sanctioned profession, assists veterinarians with a complementary approach to animal healthcare therapy. Animal chiropractic in South Africa appears to be within its novel stages of development and no clear parameters define its present position. As a result of ambiguity and present concern dictated by veterinary regulation, animal chiropractic has not developed along well defined parameters, and it is thought that this study will contribute to achieving some clarity in this regard. The impetus for this study originated as a result of an increased awareness within the complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) field of these CAM therapies in the management of animal healthcare, and a growing interest in their application. Objective: The purpose of the study is to identify the current status of animal chiropractic in South Africa and to explore ways in which the integration of animal chiropractic into the animal healthcare setting of South Africa might be achieved. Method: This study is an interpretive investigation set in a post-positivistic paradigm and used a grounded theory approach. Data was collected from twelve semi-structured interviews (digitally voice recorded) with relevant stakeholders who were knowledgeable within their respective fields (animal chiropractic; veterinary health science; their respective governing bodies; and owners of animals which had received treatment from animal chiropractic). Questions addressed participants’ perceptions and experiences of animal chiropractic with regard to the role it plays, current interprofessional interactions and developmental issues facing the profession. Qualitative analysis of the data was done using NVIVO 9 software (NVivo 9, developed in Australia, copyright 2011 QSR International Pty Ltd.). The purpose of the data collection was to obtain knowledge presently available within the proposed field in order to build a credible theory which might explain the current status of animal chiropractic in South Africa and the way forward to professional integration with mainstream animal healthcare practice. iv Results: Applying a process of grounded theory methodology revealed that certain key prerequisites were needed for integration of animal chiropractic with mainstream animal healthcare to take place. Firstly, animal chiropractic practitioners had to be seen to have reached a certain level of competence, which could be achieved through a recognised educational programme and by following practising standards at the same (or similar) level as veterinary practitioners. Secondly, acceptance by the public and mainstream practitioners is vital, and requires that the need for animal chiropractic is well motivated, that the role of animal chiropractic is better defined, and that collaboration with mainstream professionals is implemented. Thirdly, animal chiropractic needs careful regulation in order for it to be controlled appropriately. This will require a suitable professional body to govern it, legislation to endorse it and guidelines to direct its actions. Lastly, resources must be available, such as enough animal chiropractors interested in entering the field, sufficient qualified instructors (i.e. experienced animal chiropractors) to provide tuition, adequate amenities, and sufficient time available for the profession to develop and the integration process to take place. Conclusion: It would appear that, with CAVM therapies becoming popular, more people are becoming interested in animal chiropractic. The study suggests that, if the animal chiropractic profession makes provision for achieving the prerequisites of competence, acceptance, regulation and resources in terms of its future development, it might be possible to achieve professional integration with mainstream animal healthcare within the next ten years.

Thesis (M.Tech.: Chiropractic)-Dept. of Chiropractic, Durban Institute of Technology, 2005 ix, 62, 7 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm / Several studies in Europe, Canada and the USA indicate that communication between GP’s and chiropractors is not ideal. Langworthy and Birkelid’s (2001) study concluded that with increasing emphasis on multidisciplinary health care, greater understanding and better communication is needed in order for the patient to obtain optimum benefits. The medical profession in the past has generally been opposed to the theories and practice of chiropractic, for a variety of reasons, including lack of scientific validity as well as unsubstantiated management utility (Silver, 1980). However, a Canadian study indicates that much progress has been made in diminishing the gap between GP’s and chiropractors (Verhoef and Page, 1996). Few studies have investigated GPs’ knowledge, awareness and attitudes toward complementary and alternative health care providers, especially in relation to the balance between market rivalry and interprofessional care (Langworthy and Smink, 2000). One such study performed in the Netherlands by Brussee et al. (2001) found that a statistically significant relationship existed between the level of knowledge of chiropractic and the frequency of referral of patients by GP’s. In the UK, it was found that many GP’s were more comfortable in referring to physiotherapists because they felt they had a better understanding of the treatment involved (Breen, et al., 2000). The chiropractic profession is attempting to improve co-operation with the medical profession via the scientific validation of its theories and practice through research (Rubens, 1996). The current perception in South Africa is that GP’s do not tend to refer patients to chiropractors. This has implications for chiropractic in the South African context in terms of integration. Therefore, as the current “gatekeepers” of primary healthcare, it is important to ascertain the perception and knowledge that this group has of the chiropractic profession in South Africa. The purpose of this investigation was therefore to determine the current knowledge and perception of GP’s in South Africa of chiropractors and chiropractic treatment in general. This should establish a knowledge base to facilitate greater understanding and co-operation between GP’s and chiropractors.

Thesis (M.Tech.:Chiropractic) - Dept. of Chiropractic, Durban Institute of Technology, 2005 xvii, 58 leaves, Annexures A-J / It has generally been accepted that 60 to 80% of the general population will suffer from low back pain at some point in their life. (Kirkaldy - Willis, 1992). The use of manipulation for the treatment of low back pain is well documented but lumbar mobilization has undergone comparatively little investigation (Goodsell et al., 2000). Furthermore, there remains little evidence to advocate the use of Muscle Energy Technique (MET) in the form of a randomized clinical trial (Wilson, 2003). The purpose of this study was to determine whether patients with acute and sub-acute low back pain would demonstrate a reduction in disability after being treated with MET or specific passive mobilization. Both interventions are joint mobilization techniques the only difference being that one is passive and the other (MET), is an active technique

A dissertation presented in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master's Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban Institute of Technology, 2003. / The aim of this investigation was to develop inter-examiner reliability as well as construct and concurrent validity of the Composite Orthopedic Ratin g Scale (CO RS) so that it may be used as an applicable measurement instrument for use in clinical trials relating to mechanical low back pain. This prospective, single - blinded construct and concurrent validity and inter-examiner reliability study consisted of 122 participants, all suffering from mechanical low back pain, specifically lumbar facet or sacro-iliac syndrome. The participants were only required for 1 visit where they were assessed and diagnosed using standardized diagnostic criteria. Thereafter, both the researcher and a blinded, independent examiner applied the tests contained in the Composite orthopedic Rating ScaLe (CO RS) to the participants. Subjective data was obtained using the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire and the Numerical Pain Rating Scale- 101. Objective data was obtained from the results of the appIication of the provocative Orthopedic test in the CORS / M

A dissertation presented to the Faculty of Health in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master's Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban Institute of Technology, 2001. / The aim of this study was to determine the relative effectiveness of the combination of spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) versus SMT with the administration of a placebo medication in the treatment of chronic mechanical thoracic facet syndrome. It was hypothesised that SMT and NSAIDs over a three week period would be more effective than SMT and placebo medication in terms of the objective and subjective clinical findings. The study design was that of a double blind randomized clinical trial. Sixty patients diagnosed with thoracic facet syndrome were randomly assigned to either the manipulation and NSAID group or the manipulation and placebo medication group. The age range of the patients was eighteen to fifty-nine years. Each patient in the NSAID group received 139mg of diclofenac free acid per day over five days. The placebo group received the same dosage of a similar appearance to that of diclofenac free acid over the same period. The placebo medication was in the form of lactose powders. Each group of thirty patients received six treatments of SMT over a three-week period. Group A received SMT and placebo medication while Group B received SMT and NSAIDs. The patients were assessed by means of obtaining subjective information consisting of three questionnaires; the McGill Short-Form Pain Questionnaire, the Numerical Pain Rating Scale -lOl and the Oswestry Pain Disability Index. Objective data was gathered from goniometer measurements. The objective data was collected before the / M

A dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master's Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Technikon Natal, 1998. / Headaches are very common in today's society and of all presenting types of headaches, tension - type headaches are the most common. At a neurologic outpatient clinic 40% of 1152 of all patients referred had tension-type headache (Lance et al. 1965). The purpose of this study was to determine if manual traction is an effective adjunct to the chiropractic treatment (the adjustment) of tension - type headaches, and to determine if the adjustment alone or the adjustment and manual traction have an effect on tension - type headaches. It was hypothesised that the combination of manual traction and adjustments would be more effective than adjustments alone. The study was a randomised, uncontrolled clinical trial conducted at the Technikon Natal Chiropractic Day Clinic. Thirty patients, presenting with tension - type headaches, were selected for the study and randomly allocated to two groups of fifteen each. Patients in Group A received adjustmen~s and Group B r~eived adjustments and manual traction as treatment. The subjective findings of the patients were recorded by means of the Short - form McGill Pain Questionnaire, the CMCC Neck Disability Index, the Numerical Pain Rating Scale 101 and the Headache Diary. The first three questionnaire were completed by the patients \xE1t the beginning of the first, fifth, final and follow up consultations. The Headache Diary, on the other hand, was completed on a daily basis by the patients for the period of the study. Objective findings consisted of the six cervical ranges of motion obtained by means of the Cervical Range of Motion Instrument (CROM). / M

Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master's Diploma: Chiropractic, Technikon Natal, 1995. / Subjects who were previously diagnosed as having insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (i.d.d.m.) were treated in a single blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of chiropractic treatment in the management of i.d.d.m. The sample of 21 subjects was randomly divided into an experimental group of Il subjects and a control group of 10 subjects. At the initial consultation, a case history and physical examination was performed on each subject and an informed consent form, screening questionnaire and subjective health status questionnaire (S.H.S.Q.) were completed by each subject. Each subject was required to be in possession of a glucometer. The subjects were treated once a week for a period of four months. Glycosylated haemoglobin readings were taken before the commencement of treatment, after two months and at the' end of the study. Venous glucose readings were taken before treatment was started and for every two weeks thereafter. (i i) Subjects in the experimental group received chiropractic manipulation of anysubluxations detected within the vertebral levels of CO - e3 and T7 - Tl2. Subjects in the control group received vacotron suction pads from an interferential unit over the transpyloric plane with the milliamperage set at zero. / M

Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master's Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Technikon Natal, 1999. / Among the many modalities used by chiropractors is acupuncture. However, it has not yet been put to the test by research whether the addition of acupuncture for the treatment of lower back pain is of benefit or not to the patient. It is hypothesised that the addition of the acupuncture modality with the chiropractic adjustment will be of more benefit than the chiropractic adjustment alone. As the purpose ofthis study was to compare a chiropractic adjustment to a chiropractic adjustment followed by acupuncture the experimental method was used. The adjustments used were those indicated after following the diagnostic protocol of Natal Technikon using the Diversified Technique of Chiropractic. The acupuncture points used were the Urinary Bladder, 23, 25, 31, 36 and 40 and Gall Bladder 30 in all patients in the group receiving acupuncture. Thirty patients were selected randomly and split into two groups of 15. Patients were treated a maximum of 8 times or less if they become pain free in less treatments. The results of the Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability, Numerical Pain Rating Scale-101 and McGill Pain Questionnaires were recorded before the 1st, 5th, and after the last treatment and again at the 1 month follow up consultation, along with the BROM II and Algometer readings. The statistical tests used were the Intragroup Wilcox Signed Rank Test, the Intergroup Mann Whitney U Test and Power statistics according to the UCLA web site. Both treatments were / M