Currently there is a spate of interest in the presence of pharmacologically active substances in the environment. These substances are excreted in active or metabolized form and with wastewater pass the wastewater treatment plant. Current treatment technologies do not always eliminate all pharmaceuticals effectively and therefore they enter the environment. One of these active groups is the group of steroid hormones. Steroid hormones belong to the group of endocrine disruptors and they are considered to be dangerous for the ecosystems. Due to the hydrophobic character of steroid hormones they undergo partial or total sorption from wastewater to sludge. Sewage sludge is the by product of wastewater treatment and contains heavy metals, organic contaminants and pathogenic bacteria. A part of produced sewage sludge is used as a fertilizer in the Czech Republic. This issue follows the regulation 347/2016 – conditions of agricultural use of sewage sludge. Waste policy of EU will alter the conditions of sludge disposal, so it is necessary to obtain data about the concentration levels, fate and behaviour of those pollutants. This thesis was focused on five natural female hormones and four synthetic, which are used as a part of contraceptive pills and substitutional hormonal therapy. Determination of hormones was performed in four steps including ultrasonic assisted extraction, clean up by solid phase extraction, derivatization and final analysis by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry on triple quadrupole in MS/MS mode.

This diploma thesis deals with the microbial production of biosurfactants of selected bacterial strains. In order to test the biosurfactant production ability, screening methods were chosen to be able to review the potential of the selected strains to produce biosurfactants. With the scope of the work, 11 bacterial strains, which are used as polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) producers, have been tested. The ability to produce biosurfactants was tested in all strains both in complex inoculation and mineral production media. The presence of biosurfactants in Pseudomonas putida was detected on the basis of the results obtained after cultivation in inoculation and production media. The bacteria Pseudomonas fulva was put under more deep study to support their production by cultivation in different types of production media supplemented by different sources of carbon and nitrogen, and the effect of cultivation time was tested as well. Biosurfactants produced by these bacteria were subsequently identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) on the basis of which the substances were identified as rhamnolipids. According to thin-layer chromatography result (TLC), Pseudomonas putida produces a mixture of mono- and dirhamnolipids, with monorhamnolipids being more dominant in our samples.

This diploma thesis deals with the determination of conditions for the preparation of elderberry extract so that the prepared extract retains as many biologically active substances as possible and the way of preserving this extract. Furthermore, the work deals with the transmittance of already specific phenolic acids, namely chlorogenic acid, coffee and ferulic skin, through the Franc diffusion cells. In the theoretical part of the thesis there is a taxonomic classification, description and use of elderberry. Furthermore, significant active substances, in particular phenolic acids, are mentioned. beneficial effects on the skin. The anatomy of the skin and the problem of the penetration of phenolic acids through the skin are described in detail. Finally, a description of high performance liquid chromatography is provided. The experimental part is devoted to verification of optimal conditions for preparation of extract. The best option is to extract the flowers with water at 100 ° C for 10 minutes in a ratio of 1 part by weight of dry flowers and 10 parts by volume boiling water. The ratio of flowers and stems to the phenolic acid content of the extract was also investigated. In the flower extract and its thickened version, the skin permeability was examined by transdermal absorption. The aim of this experiment was to find out if and how much the above mentioned phenolic acids go through the skin. As skin membrane, pork skin from the auricle was used. All determinations of the above phenolic acids in all samples were carried out by liquid chromatography.

Colistin is a polypeptide antibiotic used as a "last resort" effective against Gram-negative bacteria. However, increase in its consumption in veterinary medicine in the last 30 years has led to the development of bacterial resistance even to colistin. The application of slurry to soil containing unmetabolized colistin and resistant bacteria poses a risk, because the resistance of bacteria to colistin can be further developed and spread to other components of the environment. Therefore, this work was focused on the creation and optimization of extraction and analytical methods for soil samples containing colistin. Colistin was detected by liquid chromatography in connection with mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS and UPLC/MS/MS). Many extraction solutions have been tested in connection with ultrasonic extraction and purification on various SPE columns, yet colistin has not been successfully extracted from the soil. Colistin was successfully detected only in the slurry extract. The reason why colistin was not detected in soil extracts could be the sorption of colistin on soil organic matter or the formation of complexes of colistin with humic substances.

This master's thesis deals with the analysis of organic substances, which are present in biochar. Biochar contains a number of organic compounds, that can be toxic and also carcinogenic to living organisms. In order for biochar to be used to improve soil quality or to be used for other applications, its safety must be declared by European or international certifications. Relevant European and international standards have been created for the determination of organic substances, that could be present in biochar. The theoretical part of the thesis was focused on selected organic substances, the process of pyrolysis and thermochemolysis, biochar characterisation and the used analytical methods. The experimental part of the thesis consisted of extraction with toluene and after that the determination of concentration of the 38 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was performed. Qualitative analysis was performed by two-dimensional gas chromatography. Biochar samples were also subjected to thermochemolysis method and then they were analysed on GC-MS again. In both analytical methods, a large number of substances from groups such as PAHs, carboxylic acids, amines, substituted naphthalenes etc. was found, as well as smaller number of eg. polychlorinated biphenyls.

Perfluoroalkylated substencies are priority organics polutants. They are evolved to the environment from many sources. We classify them as new xenobiotics which are present in the environment. There will be described their chemical, physical and environmental properties in theoretical part and there will be described the analytical chemistry of these substancies in varios types of environmental samples. There will be developed metod for their identification and quantification. For this assignment will be use especially chromathografic methods. There will be developed standard operation procedure. The procedure will be verify on real environmental samples.

Rostliny rodu Echinacea jsou léčivé byliny stimulující imunitní systém. Používají se zvláště v boji proti chřipce a infekcím horních cest dýchacích. V této práci bylo analyzováno 7 komerčních výrobků obsahujících výtažky z rostliny Echinacea vysokoúčinnou kapalinovou chromatografií. Bylo provedeno kvantitativní stanovení derivátů kyseliny kávové, jež jsou látky zodpovědné za léčivé účinky rostliny. Zjištěné obsahy kyseliny chlorogenové, kávové, cichorové a echinakosidu byly porovnány v jednotlivých výrobcích. Dále byly připraveny extrakty z kořene, listů a květů třapatky nachové pomocí extrakce za zvýšeného tlaku extrakčního rozpouštědla při různých podmínkách, aby se z obsahu účinných látek v nich přítomných zjistilo, které extrakční podmínky jsou nejlepší. Z naměřených dat bylo zjištěno, že největší celková koncentrace obsahových látek je přítomna ve výrobku Imunit Echinaceové kapky firmy Simply You. Jako nejlepší extrakční podmínky se ukázaly teplota 80 °C v kombinaci s rozpouštědlem ve složení EtOH/voda = 40/60, a to jak při extrakci kořene, tak i listů a květů.

The subject of this thesis is the study of the degradation of polyurethanes in the weather conditions on the waste dumps and observation of the penetration of the potential degradation products into the environment.

Diploma thesis is focused on the choose of methods and optimalisation analysis procedure of selected pharmaceuticals (salicylic acid, ibuprofene, naproxene, ketoprofene and diclofenac) in surface and waste water by using gas chromatography with mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Solid-phase extraction (SPE) with Oasis HLB cartridges was used as an extraction method in this analysis. Extraction is followed by derivatization and their optimalization of selected pharmaceuticals. Derivatization and its optimalization were performed by two silylation reagens N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) and N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA). Different volumes of derivatization reagents, different temperatures and different times were used during the procedure. The best combination is then used for analysis of real samples. Real samples of waste water were collected in sewage treatment plants in Brno – Modřice and real samples of surface water were collected from several rivers and one pond in region Moravia. This thesis also presents and tests SPE methods for extraction and concentration selected sulfonamide residues (sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfapyridine and sulfathiazole) from the aquatic environment.

This thesis is focused on aroma compounds which are presented in a wide variety of products including perfume, cologne, cosmetics, toiletries, laundry products and detergens. The widespread use and exposure to aroma compounds of aforementioned products could cause a range of the adverse reactions such as contact dermatitis, asthma, eczema and breathing problems. There are a lot of aroma compounds triggering negative allergic reactions but EU regulations limit 26 the most important fragrance allergens. The presence of these substances has to be declared on the product label if a limit of 0,01 % for rinse off and 0,001 % for leave-on products is exceeded. Of these 26 substances, a methodology was elaborated for determination of 12 allergens in a experimental part of this thesis. A method by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) was applied for fragrance allergens identification, extraction and measurement. The optimal extraction conditions of SPME-GC method were investigated including equilibrium time, extraction time and extraction temperature to increase extraction efficiency. Another important point is the method by SPME-GC-FID was validated and following performance parameters were determined: repeatability, linearity, limit of detection (LOD) limit of quantitation (LOQ). SPME-GC-FID was tested and applied to real samples.