Presented work is focused on application of combined instrumental method RP-HPLC/ESI-MS in analysis of several groups of natural compounds with positive physiological activities. Especially some antioxidants were studied in commonly and abundantly consumed food. Moreover some other substances than standard compounds were observed in complex dies. In conclusion the HPLC/ESI-MS method is comparatively advantageous in phenolic analysis, while another type of ionisation would be used in case of carotenoid compound.

Antibiotics are widely used pharmaceuticals in human and veterinary medicine. These compounds are biologically active. They decrease efficiency of biological processes in wastewater treatment plants. Antibiotics are not eliminated from sewage water completely and they are discharged as contaminants into the receiving waters. Several methods exist for the determination of antibiotics in sewage water. In the first place liquid chromatography, gas chromatography and capillary electrophoresis are used. The aim of this thesis was to developed a suitable izolation technique and an optimal analytical method for identification and determination of penicillins in wastewater. For determination was selected amoxicillin, ampicillin and benzylpenicillin (penicillin G). These are very often used penicillins. An optimized method was used for determination of these penicilins in real samples from a wastewater treatment plant situated in Veterinary and pharmaceutical university in Brno and from the large-scale wastewater treatment plant in Brno-Modřice. Real samples were concentrated using SPE (solid phase extraction). For penicillins determination were used high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC/DAD).

This thesis is focused on determination of fatty acids in processed and/or processed cheese analogues using gas chromatography with FID detection. Characterization of fatty acids, various methods for lipid extraction and the possibilities of determination of fatty acids are described in the theoretical part. Simple and rapid method for the determination of fatty acids in natural and/or processed cheese was optimized and validated in the experimental part. The modified Folch method (by mixture of chloroform - methanol) was selected for lipid extraction from the samples. The standard method (ISO 5509), using a methanol solution of potassium hydroxide, was selected for lipid esterification. Type of the stationary phase and parameters of the column, flow of carrier gas, temperature of the injector, injection technique, temperature of the detector and temperature program were optimized. Calibration curves were constructed from five calibration points (in the concentration range of 0.01 - 60 g.ml-1), all correlation coefficients R2 were higher than 0,99. The limits of detection and quantification of individual fatty acids ranged from 0.002 - 6 g.ml-1. The repeatability of the method was good, all the relative standard deviations of the peaks were below 9 %. The optimized and validated method was applied to selected samples of processed cheese analogues. In total five types of analogues containing different kinds of fat (butter, apricot, linseed, black currant and grape seed oils) were analyzed. In samples 34 fatty acids were identified based on a comparison of retention times of standards.

Constantly increasing consumption of drugs leads to the increase of the concentration of residues in various environmental compartments. For this reason the drug residues are nowadays classified as significant environmental contaminants. The drug residues enter the soil along with the application of sewage sludge either as a fertilizer or during fertilizing by animal excrements excreted after drug administration, eventually by direct contamination from treated grazing animals. The presence of these substances in soil has got negative impact on the sensitive soil ecosystem. The diploma thesis aims to evaluation of possible soil contamination with selected drugs through ecotoxicity tests. For this purpose sulfonamide chemotherapeutic agents, which are often used in veterinary medicine, were chosen, specifically sulfamethoxazole and sulfamethazin. Eartworms (Lumbricus) were selected as suitable test representative soil organism. In the experimantal part of this work the avoidance test according to ISO 17512-1 and modified bioaccumulation test according to OECD 317 methodology were performed. Bioaccumulation substances in oligochaetes, for which the artificial soil was prepared according to OECD 207 methodology, which was subsequently contaminated with above specified drugs. Although according to the results of determination of these substances there is no significant bioaccumulation in eartworms‘ tissue, these organisms are very responsive to the presence of contaminants in the soil environment. This is evident from the results of avoidance tests.

This Master’s thesis deals with the determination of selected micro and macro elements in bottled water purchased in retail chains Czech Republic. There are described macro elements and micro elements that occur in the waters, bottled waters legislation and the most frequent used instrumental methods for elemental analysis. In this work for the analysis of bottled water were used methods optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES) and ion chromatography (IC). Elemental composition of bottled water after analysis corresponded to the composition indicated on the labels, there were recorded only minor deviations from the reported concentrations. All bottled water meets the conditions of the legislation of the Czech Republic. The measured data were statistically processed in the XL Stat program and by multivariate data analysis was examined whether it is possible to individual bottled water from each other based on the analyzes differentiate, which can help in verifying the authenticity of bottled water and in the detection of adulteration of bottled water for profit.

This thesis is devoted to analysis of the diagnostic methods used in practice. It is divided into two parts: theoretical and practical. The theoretical part concerns with the general description of the transformers. Further it provils informatik about systems for sampling oil from transformers with insulating oil – paper system. Another important part is the description of gas chromatography and TRANSPORT X. Description of the most appropriate evaluation methods for assessment of the state of the transformer is included as well.

The PhD thesis deals with determination of sulfonamides and tetracyclines in waste waters. Sulphonamides and tetracyclines are widely used in human and veterinary medicine. They are biologically active compounds and block biological processes in waste water treatment plants. These substances can influence microorganisms in the environment. Sulphonamides and tetracyclines induce resistance in low concentrations. These substances penetrate into the environment from industrial production, use in households, hospitals, veterinary clinics and fish farms. Tetracyclines and sulphonamides were determined in waste water from waste water treatment plants in Brno. Optimalization of extraction of these compounds was performed by solid phase extraction. Sulphonamides and tetracyclines were determined by liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector or coupled with mass spectrometry. Optimalized method was used for determination tetracyclines and sulphonamides in waste water from waste water treatment plants in Brno in years 2007 – 2010.

This diploma thesis deals with the determination and ecotoxicological assessment of artificial sweeteners. The diploma was focused on monitoring the most commonly used sweeteners, which includes acesulfam-K, cyclamate, saccharin and sucralose. These sweeteners were analyzed by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry, using solid phase extraction for their concentration. The samples for their determination were taken from wastewater treatment plant in Modrice. Artificial sweeteners are synthetically produced substances, which is the main reason for their occurrence in waste water. Some of them are not efficiently removed from the wastewater treatment plant and penetrate into the environment. Analysis of the samples was found, that sucralose penetrates into the environment. The ecotoxicological effect of the sweeteners was evaluated via aquatic organisms, namely on the freshwater crustaceans Thamnocephalus platyurus and Daphnia magna, on the water plant Lemna minor, and the battery of tests was supplemented by a representative of the destructors Vibrio fischeri. For all sweeteners, LC20, EC20 and IC20 values were determined. For some sweeteners, LC50, EC50 and IC50 values were also determined. During testing, saccharin represented the highest toxicity.

- 4 - Abstrakt The aim of this diploma thesis was to determine the possibility of identifying the protein and lipid additives, such as blood, gelatine, curd, lard and eggs, in the model samples of lime based mortars using Raman spectroscopy and gas chromatography- mass spectrometry. It was proved that the method of Raman spectroscopy can determine the presence of organic additives in the order of one weight percent. The gas chromatography enables to detect lipid additives from the order of hundredths weight percent. Unambiguous resolution of protein additives can be done in the samples with the concentrations up to the order of one weight percent of the additives.

Chemical substances are transferred between bumblebees of the species Bombus terrestris during their mating behavior. These substances are present mainly on the cuticle. The aim of this thesis was to identify and quantitatify differences in the amount of the compounds among defined groups of bumblebees - mated, non-mated and attempting to mate. Cuticular extracts were obtained by washing of the whole bumblebees bodies in hexane. These extracts were analyzed by using a two-dimensional gas chromatography with the time of fly mass spectrometr (GCxGC-TOF/MS). Cuticular hydrocarbons were identified and semi-quantified. Double bounds locations were determined in heptacosene and nonacosene. Five compounds were differed in the examined groups - β-springene, α-springene, dihydrofarnesyl-oleate, palmityl-palmitate and palmityl- palmitoleate. By comparing of the amount of these compounds differences between defined groups of bumblebees were determined. Analysis of the cutilar extracts showed that mated and non-mated bumblebees can be distinguished. Furthermore, there were statistically significant differences in the amounts of identified compounds in all defined groups of bumblebees. Key words: two-dimensional gas chromatography, Bombus terrestris, cutilar extract