A research report Submitted to the faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Medicine (Pharmaceutical Affairs). / Pathogenic mycobacterial infection was in recent decades a health concern so well controlled that eradication seemed imminent. However, it is once again reaching epidemic proportions following the increasing prevalence of AIDS. One important means of curbing this resurgence, is a robust method that has the capability of identifying to a species level speciating disease causing mycobacteria in a matter of days. Several new methodologies are now available that enable dramatic reductions in turn-around times. In this study High Performance Liquid Chromatography was investigated to determine how this system compared with the current mycobacterial system of methodologies adopted in South African laboratories. Four species of pathogenic mycobacteria, with a high prevalence in South Africa, were tested in a sample size of 80. Samples were subjected to HPLC, Gene Probes and Biochemical testing. HPLC was the most capable of identifying the mycobacteria to species level displaying a sensitivity to the organisms of 96.25 %. Gene probes and Biochemical testing had sensitivity values of 82.5 % and 80 % respectively. HPLC was also more cost efficient and displayed a wider range of identification. It is therefore suggested that HPLC replace Gene probes and Biochemical testing for purposes of MOTT identification in the comprehensive mycobacterial identification system. The result is a time saving of at least 3 weeks and a cost reduction of approximately 30 %. The large initial capital investment required for the implementation of the HPLC system is justified by the long term cost saving as well as the additional utility derived from early identification. As a consequence treatment is not empiric but rather tailored to the organism infecting the patient, hence preventing multiple drug resistance developing and ultimately saving a life through rational drug use. / WHSLYP2016

by Lau Yick Ki. / Thesis (M.Ph.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1987. / Includes bibliographies.

Poon Wai Mei Emily. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 74-81). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- Importance of amino acids --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1. --- Clinical samples --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2. --- Food samples --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2. --- Reviews of amino acid analysis --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.1. --- Ion-exchange chromatography --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2. --- Gas chromatography --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.3. --- Thin layer chromatography --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.4. --- Flow injection analysis --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.5. --- Liquid chromatography --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.6. --- Capillary electrophoresis --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.7. --- Methods of detecting amino acid without derivatization --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3. --- Determination of amino acids by reversed-phase ion-pair chromatography --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4. --- The objectives of the study --- p.15 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Experimental --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1. --- Materials --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2. --- Apparatus --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3. --- Samples --- p.16 / Chapter 2.4. --- Procedures --- p.17 / Chapter 2.4.1. --- Preparation of amino acid standard solution (stock solutions) --- p.17 / Chapter 2.4.2. --- Method development --- p.17 / Chapter 2.4.3. --- Samples preparation --- p.18 / Chapter 2.4.4. --- Preparation of Dowex column --- p.18 / Chapter 2.4.5. --- Extraction of amino acids from samples --- p.19 / Chapter 2.4.6. --- Recovery test --- p.20 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Results and Discussions --- p.21 / Chapter 3.1. --- Optimization --- p.21 / Chapter 3.1.1. --- pH --- p.21 / Chapter 3.1.2. --- Ion-interacting reagent --- p.22 / Chapter 3.1.3. --- Organic solvent --- p.29 / Chapter 3.1.4. --- Temperature --- p.34 / Chapter 3.1.5. --- Chromatographic conditions --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2. --- Application --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.1. --- Precision of injection --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.2. --- Accuracy of the method --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.3. --- The concentration of amino acids in food samples --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.3.1. --- Citrus fruits --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.3.2. --- Orange juice drinks --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.3.3. --- Chinese honey --- p.65 / Chapter 3.2.3.4. --- New Zealand honey --- p.67 / Chapter 3.2.3.5. --- Energy drinks --- p.70 / Chapter Chapter 4 : --- Conclusion --- p.72 / Chapter Chapter 5 : --- Bibliographies --- p.74 / Chapter 6. --- Appendices --- p.82 / Chapter 6.1. --- Table 1 : Ingredients of orange juice drinks --- p.82 / Chapter 6.2. --- Table 2 : Honey samples --- p.83 / Chapter 6.3. --- Table 3 : Ingredients of energy drinks --- p.83

by Kwok Chiu Nga. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 1-3 (4th gp.)). / Abstract also in Chinese. / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.i / ABSTRACT --- p.iv / 摘要 --- p.vi / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.vii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.x / ABBREVIATION --- p.xi / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- RESEARCH BACKGROUND / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Alkaloids --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Diterpenoid alkaloids --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Aconitine-type alkaloids --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Toxicity --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.5 --- Safety concerns --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2 --- Summary of the Previous Work --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3 --- Objectives and Outline of the Present Work --- p.13 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- INSTRUMENTATION AND EXPERIMENTAL / Chapter 2.1 --- Instrumentation --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Triple-stage quadrupole (TSQ) mass spectrometer --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.2.1 --- Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.2.2 --- Electrospray ionization (ESI) --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1.2.3 --- Quadrupole system --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1.2.4 --- Ion detection system --- p.22 / Chapter 2.1.2.5 --- Data system --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2 --- Experimental --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Sample and reagents --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Sample preparation --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- High performance liquid chromatography conditions --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Mass spectrometry conditions --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization conditions --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- Electrospray ionization conditions --- p.25 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- SELECTION AND OPTIMIZATION OF HPLC/MS METHOD / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2 --- Experimental --- p.29 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.29 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Triethylamine concentration --- p.31 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Ammonium acetate concentration --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Acetic acid concentration --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- HPLC/MS interface --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- MS/MS conditions --- p.40 / Chapter 3.4 --- Conclusions --- p.43 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- DETERMINATION OF ACONITINE-TYPE ALKALOIDS IN ACONITE ROOTS / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.48 / Chapter 4.2 --- Experimental --- p.48 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.50 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Selection of internal standard --- p.50 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Method validation --- p.50 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Precision of measurement --- p.50 / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Accuracy of measurement --- p.50 / Chapter 4.3.2.3 --- Limits of detection and quantitation --- p.58 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Determination of aconitine-type alkaloids in aconite roots --- p.58 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusions --- p.60 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE --- CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK / Chapter 5.1 --- Conclusions --- p.67 / Chapter 5.2 --- Future Work --- p.68 / ACKNOWLEDGMENT --- p.A1 / APPENDIX --- p.A2 / REFERENCES --- p.R1

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

An objective analytical method was developed to characterize the taste profiles of five cheese varieties. Nonvolatile water extracts of Cheddar, Edam, Gouda, Swiss, and Parmesan cheeses were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a reversed phase column. The HPLC operating conditions were determined with Mapping Super-Simplex followed by Centroid Mapping Optimization. A ternary gradient elution system was used with an Adsorbosphere C8 column to resolve a maximum number of components. The optimum solvent volume ratio was 96.8 : 1.2 : 2.0 for trifluoroacetic acid (0.1%), acetonitrile, and methanol, with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Over 50.3 min this ratio was changed to 56.3 : 30.3 : 13.4. Multivariate statistical analyses including principal component and discriminant analyses were applied to 55 peak areas from 106 cheese chromatograms. Principal component analysis reduced the dimensionality of the "data from 55 to 17 principal components, which are-combinations of the original variables, with a 26% loss of explained sample variation. Discriminant analysis on data from a single HPLC column was able to correctly classify cheeses by variety at a greater than 90% success rate. This grouping rate dropped to 64% when data from all four HPLC columns was combined, implicating large between column variations. A semi-trained sensory panel correctly classified cheeses by variety at a 63% rate. This objective method provides a lasting fingerprint of cheese products. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Pharmacy Johannesburg, March 1994 / Preformulation and formulation study of dexchlor- pheniramine maleate (DCPM) for it's inclusion into a gelforming sustained release dosage form was investigated. A modification of the USP apparatus 2 is proposed as an alternative to currently recommended USP dissolution apparatus for floating, gelforming drug delivery systems. In addition, the role of magnesium stearate and talc as dissolution retardants in controlled release matrix tablets is investigated, through application of a factorial design. / IT2018

by Ma Chin Kwan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 129-131). / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Theory --- p.4 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- The Retention Mechanism of Cyano-Bonded Stationary Phase for Some Basic Drugs in Polar Eluents / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.18 / Chapter 3.2 --- Experimental / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Reagents --- p.20 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Equipment --- p.21 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Standard Preparation --- p.21 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Procedures --- p.22 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results and Discussion / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Acetonitrile-Perchloric Acid Systems --- p.29 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Acetonitrile-Perchlorate Salts Eluent Systems --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Retention and Acetonitrile Composition --- p.49 / Chapter 3.4 --- Conclusion --- p.54 / Chapter 3.5 --- References --- p.55 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Detector Response / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.56 / Chapter 4.2 --- Experimental / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Reagents and Equipment --- p.57 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results and Discussion / Chapter 4.3.1 --- "The Relationship between Peak Area, Peak Height, and Detector Response" --- p.58 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Detector Response and Eluent Strength --- p.60 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Detector Response and Flow Rate --- p.74 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusion --- p.77 / Chapter 4.5 --- References --- p.78 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Determination of Benzhexol Hydrochloride and Ethambutol Hydrochloride tablets by HPLC / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.79 / Chapter 5.2 --- Experimental / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Reagents --- p.84 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Equipment --- p.85 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Samples --- p.86 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Preparation of Reagents and Standards --- p.88 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Sample Preparation and Determination --- p.89 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results and Discussion / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Sample Treatment and Extraction of Active Ingredient(s) --- p.91 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Explanation of Chromatograms --- p.92 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Choice of Experimental Conditions --- p.96 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Linear Dynamic Response --- p.102 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- Sensitivity --- p.102 / Chapter 5.3.6 --- Analysis Results --- p.103 / Chapter 5.3.7 --- Comparison of Results from the Methods --- p.106 / Chapter 5.3.8 --- Precision and Accuracy --- p.113 / Chapter 5.3.9 --- Effect of Methanol Content on the Chromatographic Behaviour in Analysing Benzhexol Hcl --- p.117 / Chapter 5.3.10 --- Discussion on the Pharmacopoeial Assay of Benzhexol HC1 Tablets --- p.120 / Chapter 5.3.11 --- Discussion on the Various Factors Influencing the Pharmacopoeial Assay of Ethambutol HC1 Tablets --- p.123 / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusion --- p.128 / Chapter 5.5 --- References --- p.129 / Appendix --- p.132

by Chan, Kim Hung. / Thesis (M.Sc.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-89). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- amino acid analysis by high performance liquid chromatography --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- History and Development --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Separation mechanism --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Derivatization --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Dqproteinization --- p.8 / Chapter 1.1.5 --- Ion-exchange or Reversed-phase HPLC --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2 --- amino acid pattern in cancer patient --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Cancer cachexia --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Causes of cancer cachexia --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Cytokines --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Metabolic Alteration in cancer cachexia --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Amino Acid Studies --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3 --- methodology chosen --- p.19 / Chapter 1.4 --- patient sample chosen --- p.21 / Chapter 2. --- OBJECTIVES --- p.22 / Chapter 3. --- MATERIALS AND METHOD --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1 --- apparatus --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- HPLC System --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Column --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Detector --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- ChemStation --- p.24 / Chapter 3.2 --- reagents --- p.24 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Reagent and Chemical source --- p.24 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Mobile phase --- p.24 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Derivatization Reagent --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Standard preparation --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Internal standard --- p.28 / Chapter 3.3 --- sample preparation --- p.28 / Chapter 3.4 --- chromatographic conditions --- p.29 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Column Temperature --- p.29 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Injector Program --- p.29 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Time Table for gradient elution and flow program --- p.32 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- OP A and sample Ratio and Volume --- p.32 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Derivatization Concentration --- p.33 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Derivatization time --- p.33 / Chapter 3 6 --- analytical performance --- p.34 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Linearity testing --- p.34 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Recovery studies --- p.34 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Precision --- p.34 / Chapter 3.6.4 --- Sample storage --- p.35 / Chapter 3.7 --- clinical sample studies --- p.35 / Chapter 3.8 --- statistical analysis --- p.36 / Chapter 4 --- RESULT --- p.37 / Chapter 4.1 --- chromatographic separation --- p.37 / Chapter 4.2 --- optimization --- p.40 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- OPA and sample Ratio and Volume --- p.40 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Derivatization time --- p.43 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- OPA Concentration --- p.43 / Chapter 4.3 --- analytical performance --- p.46 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Linearity --- p.46 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Recovery studies --- p.46 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Precision Studies --- p.50 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Sample storage studies --- p.53 / Chapter 4.4 --- clinical sample study --- p.55 / Chapter 5. --- DISCUSSION --- p.64 / Chapter 5.1 --- analytical --- p.64 / Chapter 5.2 --- clinical --- p.71 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Normal controls --- p.71 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Colorectal Cancer --- p.71 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Lung Cancer --- p.72 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Nasopharyngeal Cancer --- p.73 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Summary --- p.74 / Chapter 6. --- CONCLUSION --- p.75 / Chapter 7. --- REFERENCES --- p.75

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2002. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.