Orientador: Cesar Martins / Resumo: B chromosomes (Bs) are additional to the standard regular chromosome set (As), and present in all groups of eukaryotes. A reference genome is key to understand genomics aspects of an organism. Here, we present the de novo genome assembly of the cichlid fish A. latifasciata: a well known model to study Bs. The assembly of A. latifasciata genome has not been performed so far. The main focus of this study is to analyze and assemble the A. latifasciata genome with no B (B-) and with B (B+) chromosomes. The assembled draft B- and B+ genomes comprised of 774 Mb and 781 Mb with 1.8 Mb and 2.5Mb of N50 value of scaffolds respectively, and spanning 23,391 number of genes. High coverage data with Illumina sequencing was obtained for males and females with 0B, 1B and 2B chromosomes to provide information regarding the population polymorphism of these genomes. We observed a high scale genomic diversity in all analyzed genomes showing a high rate/frequency of population polymorphism with no evident effect of B chromosome presence. However, the B specific single nucleotide polymorphisms were found in the sequences that were located on B chromosome. While, the whole-genome rearrangements (inter chromosomal translocations) were detected in B+ genome, and structural variations including insertions, deletions, inversions and duplications were predicted in a representative genomic region of B chromosome. These results bring an evidence that existence of Bs in a genome should favour the accumu... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Perissodus microlepis is a species of cichlid fish endemic to Lake Tanganyika (Africa). Adult P. microlepis are lepidophages, feeding on the scales of other living fish. As an adaptation for this feeding behavior P. microlepis exhibit lateral asymmetry with respect to jaw morphology: the mouth either opens to the right or left side of the body. Field data illustrate a temporal phenotypic oscillation in the mouth-handedness, and this oscillation is maintained by frequency-dependent selection. To better understand the oscillation, Takahashi and Hori model frequency-dependent selection in P. microlepis using a population genetic model. Their results are intriguing, and the purpose of this dissertation is to improve and extend their model, which fails to account for important biological aspects.We model P. microlepis with a novel approach that fuses the disparate modeling traditions of population genetics and population dynamics; we account for both processes since, in the case of P. microlepis, they occur on the same time scale (a case of microevolution). We construct our models using systems of difference equations. We prove the existence and uniqueness of a positive equilibrium, which corresponds to a 1 : 1 phenotypic ratio. Using a local stability and bifurcation analysis, we show that the equilibrium becomes unstable when frequency-dependent selection is sufficiently strong. We determine necessary and sufficient conditions for onset of oscillation. Local bifurcation analysis indicates key features of the oscillation that may suggest critical experiments.We determine the role of stage structure and the role of strong and weak intraspecific competition. We show that stage-structure is not necessary for, but enhances, oscillatory behavior. Finally we demonstrate the complicated interplay between population dynamic and population genetic processes. Our findings indicate that classical population genetic models can fail to elucidate complex dynamics.

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