The genetic architecture of placental abruption (PA) remains poorly understood. We examined variations in SNPs of circadian clock-related genes in placenta with PA risk. We also explored placental and maternal genomic contributions to PA risk. Placental genomic DNA samples were isolated from 280 PA cases and 244 controls. Genotyping was performed using the Illumina Cardio-MetaboChip. We examined 116 SNPs in 13 genes known to moderate circadian rhythms. Logistic regression models were fit to estimate odds ratios (ORs). The combined effect of multiple SNPs on PA risk was estimated using a weighted genetic risk score. We examined independent and joint associations of wGRS derived from placental and maternal genomes with PA. Seven SNPs in five genes (ARNTL2, CRY2, DEC1, PER3 and RORA), in the placental genome, were associated with PA risk. Each copy of the minor allele (G) of a SNP in the RORA gene (rs2899663) was associated with a 30% reduced odds of PA (95% CI 0.52-0.95). The odds of PA increased with increasing placental-wGRS (P_trend<0.001). The ORs were 1.00, 2.16, 3.24 and 4.48 across quartiles. Associations persisted after the maternal-wGRS was included in the model. There was evidence of an additive contribution of placental and maternal genetic contributions to PA risk. Participants with placental- and maternal-wGRS in the highest quartile, compared with those in the lowest quartile, had a 15.57-fold (95% CI 3.34- 72.60) increased odds of PA. Placental variants in circadian clock-related genes are associated with PA risk; and the association persists after control of genetic variants in the maternal genome

Lensemble du travail de recherche réalisé s'est concentré sur l'évaluation du rôle fonctionnel que peut exercer le gène circadien Per2 sur les capacités de prolifération et différenciation des cellules souches/progénitrices à l'origine de la neurogenèse hippocampique. Ce travail a comporté d'une part, une cartographie phénotypique exhaustive de l'identité des cellules exprimant la protéine PER2 au sein de la structure hippocampique, et d'autre part une étude approfondie des conséquences de la l'invalidation de ce gène sur la régulation de la neurogenèse dans l'hippocampe de souris adultes. Dans la première partie de notre travail, nous avons démontré par une analyse immunohistochimique détaillée, qu'au niveau du gyrus dentelé (DG) de souris adultes, les cellules proliférantes exprimaient la protéine PER2 et que cette expression persistait dans les cellules de la lignée neuronale à différents stades de maturation. Par ailleurs, à l'inverse du noyau suprachiasmatique (centre générateur des rythmes circadiens), nous avons également pu observer une expression constante de cette protéine durant une période de 24h (Borgs et al, soumis). Dans la seconde partie de notre travail, nous nous sommes interrrogés sur le rôle fonctionnel que pouvait exercer le facteur de transcription circadien Per2 dans le DG de souris adultes. Nous avons montré que linvalidation de ce gène entraine dans le DG des souris déficientes pour la protéine PER2, une augmentation significative de la prolifération des progéntieurs neuronaux, ainsi que du nombre de neurones immatures. Cependant, nous navons observé aucune différence dans la génération de neurones matures (neurogenèse) entre le DG de souris sauvages et de souris invalidées pour Per2. Nos données ont révélé que le surplus de cellules en prolifération et de neurones immatures observés dans le DG de souris délétées pour Per2 apparaît donc totalement compensé par une augmentation de la mort cellulaire (Borgs et al, soumis). Pour étudier limplication fonctionnel de la protéine PER2 sur le contrôl de la prolifération de progéniteurs/cellules souches à lorigine de la neurogenèse adulte, nous avons mis au point la culture en suspension de cellules souches/progénitrices issues du DG post-natale de souris sauvages et déficientes pour Per2. Après 5 jours de culture, nous avons observé la formation de neurosphères dont la taille et dont la croissance était plus importante chez les souris déficientes pour Per2 que chez leurs homologues sauvages. Ce modèle de culture de DG nous a permis détudier de façon plus présice le destin cellulaire emprunté par les cellules proliférantes/souches dans le modèle muté, comparé au modèle sauvage. En condition de culture favorisant la différenciation, nous avons observé un plus grand nombre de neurones générés à partir des neurosphères issues de cellules de DG de souris mutées pour PER2. Ce modèle de culture de cellules progénitrices/souches issues du DG, confirme les résultats précédemment obtenus concernant le rôle de Per2 dans le contrôle de la prolifération et de la génération de nouveaux neurones in vivo. Parallèlement, nous avons tenté de déterminer si lexpression de Per2 pouvait exercer un rôle similaire au DG au sein de la zone sous ventriculaire antérieure (SVZ), la seconde zone où persiste de la neurogenèse tout au long de la vie. La SVZ du cerveau adulte représente un réservoir de progéniteurs proliférant qui vont cheminer le long dun courant rostral de migration pour atteindre le bulbe olfactif dans lequel ils vont se différencier en neurones. La protéine Per2 se révèle être exprimée dans les progéniteurs en prolifération exprimant Ki67. Tout comme dans le DG de souris adultes déficientes pour Per2, nous avons dénombré in vivo et in vitro une augmentation importante du nombre de cellules en prolifération comparé aux souris sauvages. Per2 semble donc être un des protagonistes impliqué dans la régulation de la prolifération et de la différenciation des progéniteurs/cellules souches à lorigine de la neurogenèse hippocampique.

In the present study, the ease of rearing, short generation time and molecular research tools available for the zebrafish model (Danio rerio, Hamilton) were exploited to investigate transcriptional regulation in relation to feeding, photoperiod and experimental selection. Chapter 2 describes transcriptional regulation in fast skeletal muscle following fasting and a single satiating meal of bloodworms. Changes in transcript abundance were investigated in relation to the food content in the gut. Using qPCR, the transcription patterns of 16 genes comprising the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system were characterized, and differential regulation between some of the paralogues was recorded. For example, feeding was associated with upregulation of igf1a and igf2b at 3 and 6h after the single-meal was offered, respectively, whereas igf1b was not detected in skeletal muscle. On the other hand, fasting triggered the upregulation of the igf1 receptors and igfbp1a/b, the only binding proteins whose transcription was responsive to a single-satiating meal. In addition to the investigation of the IGF-axis, an agnostic approach was used to discover other genes involved in transcriptional response to nutritional status, by employing a whole-genome microarray containing 44K probes. This resulted in the discovery of 147 genes in skeletal muscle that were differentially expressed between fasting and satiation. Ubiquitin-ligases involved in proteasome-mediated protein degradation, and antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic genes were among the genes upregulated during fasting, whereas satiation resulted in an upregulation of genes involved in protein synthesis and folding, and a gene highly correlated with growth in mice and fish, the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase 1. Zebrafish exhibit circadian rhythms of breeding, locomotor activity and feeding that are controlled by molecular clock mechanisms in central and peripheral organs. In chapter 3 the transcription of 17 known clock genes was investigated in skeletal muscle in relation to the photoperiod and food content in the gut. The hypothesis that myogenic regulatory factors and components of the IGF-pathway were clock-controlled was also tested. Positive (clock1 and bmal1 paralogues) and negative oscillators (cry1a and per genes) showed a strong circadian pattern in skeletal muscle in anti-phase with each other. MyoD was not clock-controlled in zebrafish in contrast to findings in mice, whereas myf6 showed a circadian pattern of expression in phase with clock and bmal. Similarly, the expression of two IGF binding proteins (igfbp3 and 5b) was circadian and in phase with the positive oscillators clock and bmal. It was also found that some paralogues responded differently to photoperiod. For example, clock1a was 3-fold more responsive than clock1b. Cry1b did not show a circadian pattern of expression. These patterns of expression provide evidence that the molecular clock mechanisms in skeletal muscle are synchronized with the molecular clock in central pacemaker organs such as eyes and the pineal gland. Using the short generation time of zebrafish the effects of selective breeding for body size at age were investigated and are described in chapter 4. Three rounds of artificial selection for small (S-lineage) and large body size (L-lineage) resulted in zebrafish populations whose average standard length were, respectively, 2% lower and 10% higher than an unselected control lineage (U-lineage). Fish from the L-lineage showed an increased egg production and bigger egg size with more yolk, possibly contributing to the larger body size observed in the early larval stage (6dpf) of fish from this lineage. Fish from S- and L-lineage exposed to fasting and refeeding showed very similar feed intake, providing evidence that experimental selection did not cause significant changes in appetite control. Investigation of the expression of the IGF-axis and nutritionally-response in skeletal muscle after fasting and refeeding revealed that the pattern of expression was not different between the selected lineages, but that a differential responsiveness was observed in a limited number of genes, providing evidence that experimental selection might have changed the way fish allocate the energy acquired through feeding. For example, a constitutive higher expression of igf1a was recorded in skeletal muscle of fish from the L-lineage whereas igfbp1a/b transcripts were higher in muscle of fish from the S-lineage. These findings demonstrate the rapid changes in growth and transcriptional response in skeletal muscle of zebrafish after only three rounds of selection. Furthermore, it provides evidences that differences in growth during embryonic and larval stages might be related to higher levels of energy deposited during oogenesis, whereas differences in adult fish were better explained by changes in energy allocation instead of energy acquisition. In chapter 5 the main findings made during this study and their impact on the literature are discussed.