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Search Frictions, Unemployment, and Housing in Cities: Theory and Policies We propose an urban search-matching model with land development. We characterize the steady-state equilibrium and then discuss the issue of efficiency. We find that the transportation and housing policies are more efficient if the unemployment rate is low, while the entry-cost policy is more efficient if the unemployment rate is high. Land Development, Search Frictions, and City Structure This paper analyzes the interactions between labor and housing (and land) markets in a city. Unemployment, the spatial structure of a city, land development, housing demand, prices of housing and land are all endogenously determined. Then, we characterize two different spatial configurations. To better understand how two equilibria are affected by land and labor market parameters, we implement a comparative steady state analysis. We further explored the effects of policies. Search for Jobs or Crimes? This paper develops a competitive search model where unemployed workers allocate their time between the search for legal jobs and opportunities for committing crimes. We analyze the effects of labor market policies and crime policies. We show that the market equilibrium is socially inefficient when there is crime. We also find that workers' individual choice of years of education is less than the socially efficient one. Rural-Urban Migration in Developing Countries: Labor Market Institutions and Policies The paper studies rural-urban migration under different labor market institutions in developing countries. Specifically, we consider two types of labor market institutions where workers in urban firms are unionized or not. We find that unionization of workers raises unemployment, urban wages, and rural employment, reduces rural wages and urban employment and increases inequality between the rural and the urban sector. We also compare two institutions under different policies.

This research employed two methodological approaches to testing an evolutionary hypothesis of city growth and residential status redistribution. The expectation was that among small metropolitan areas, residential status patterns should be evolving toward the patterns which have been observed among older, larger cities.In the first stage of analysis, evidence suggested that residential status patterns have evolved in a predictable direction for sixteen of twenty cities between 19110 and 1970. A graphic link between "colonial" and Burgess patterns of status distribution was also found.Using tract level analysis, the results of the second research stage suggested that a positive relationship between status and distance of a tract from the central business district exists within the center city area but that a negative relationship is predominant in the suburban ring area. These findings question the basic assumptions from which the evolutionary hypothesis has beengenerated.

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Capital movement of foreign direct investment (FDI) as both a causative and consequential feature of economic globalisation has emerged as an influential factor of urban growth. It is also the main vehicle of China's global integration. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the impact of FDI on urban planning and the transformation of large cities in China and elsewhere in the world. / This research is devoted to investigating the urban impact of globalisation, focusing on impact of FDI and using Shanghai for case study. It theoretically integrated the global urban network with the theories of FDI: the 'OLI' and investment development path (IDP) and provided the first empirical insight into the intra-urban location of different forms of FDI and the way that FDI, urban planning and local social-economic factors have together reshaped the city. It advances the current understanding of the urban impact of global forces, previously confined to either the macro-economic level of a city of the micro-economic level of foreign firms, as well as the internal restructuring of China's large cities as a result of global integration. / An historical approach has been applied to discern the relationships between the political and economic context and the urban planning agenda, highlighting the features of socialist urban planning and the strategies adopted to pursue and respond to global integration. / The features that direct the location of FDI are discerned and discussed in terms of the interaction between global and local factors. The location of FDI and the consequential urban transformation of the city is graphically illustrated and discussed. Case studies explain further the interplay between FDI and urban planning as well as the consequential growth patterns. / Shanghai has changed substantially with the growing proliferation of FDI, particularly since the city has become the focus of China adopting an open door policy in the 1990s. The land market and other tertiary industries have been opened to foreign investors. The mega FDI-oriented planning project of Pudong has also been undertaken. The role of FDI as both a developer and consumer has been very influential in directing the physical growth, breaking with previous patterns established by centralised control. The location of service FDI has been shaped by the market and has dramatically concentrated on the inner city. Manufacturing FDI, facilitated by preferential policies, has focused on suburban industrial parks designated by governments. / With the differential concentration of FDI in different areas, the socialist effort to homogenise the social and spatial arrangement of the inner city has been disrupted. The Comprehensive Metropolitan Plan for the city's development between 1982 and 2000 was undermined by conflicting interests between different levels of governments, particularly local government eager for foreign investment. The old CBD, the new planned regions facilitated by preferential policies and areas to facilitate FDI in the inner city have emerged as office centres both to extend China's global links and to cater to foreign interests. In doing so, planning proposals in these regions have often been undermined. The suburbs have been industrialised by increasing foreign and domestic manufacturing activities. The previous expansion of urban districts has replaced by the designation of Special Economic Zone with planned FDI-oriented themed parks in Pudong and newly designated urban districts scattered with industrial parks. / Foreign development interests have often called the tune in the transformation of the city. While foreign investors have sought certainty under the urban planning regime, planning itself has been undermined. Planning innovations have been implemented only to the extent that they are congruent with interests of FDI. The harmonising of global and local interests has become the main objective of urban planning into an increasingly invidious position, as it has more and more been called upon to support development interests of global sectors while remaining a legitimate force in the shaping of the city. / Thesis (PhD)--University of South Australia, 2003.

This thesis tests the theories of Porosity which are part of my ongoing investigation into the revision and extension of public space in the city. Porosity Research seeks to classify spaces which exist deep within the skin or fabric of privately owned city buildings. The primary vehicle for this interrogation is the use of public art in the form of a set of games called Porosity Games ??? Snakes and Ladders, Hide and Seek and Jenga. These games are played out or performed within the territory of my Australian Research Foundation Discovery Grant outcomes. Their aim is to prove the validity of the research and to provoke interrogation of that research. The marginality of public art makes it ideally suited to the task of commenting on or contradicting the main body of the text of public space in the city. This contradiction is central to the work of this thesis. One of the vital needs or reasons for this work lies in finding ways of preventing cities from being shut down as a result of rampant capitalism in the ???Age of Terror???. Porosity as a strategy attacks this trend. It seeks the dissolution of architecture through a type of mapping which dissolves existing boundaries associated with rights of access. Capitalism needs to be continually measured by mapping or defining what is public against what is private. It can be argued that the social construction of a city is as important as its physical manifestation as buildings. It can also then be argued that a city which allows public space to penetrate its private space enables a healthier social construction. Fundamental to this thesis is the idea that the survival of the Western city depends on an increased density of public space and multiple ground planes as opposed to one. This creates three dimensional public access and alleviates congestion at the level of the street both for cars and for pedestrians. The Porosity Games are a first step in the transformation of the city through their successful reinvention of internal circulation spaces as game space. Game 1: Snakes and Ladders and Game 2: Hide and Seek both operate without interruption by the propriety of the buildings. Game 3: Jenga then intentionally heightened the risk of capture and eviction of the players for transgression within the climate of fear. Both the framework of surveillance and the intention to claim private space for public use, make the performances and the Porosity Research a useful progression in the project of transformation and the city as a plastic medium for the artist to interrogate.

Megacities of over 10 million population are a phenomenon not seen before in human history. Among 19 Megacities, 14 are in developing countries and 11 are in Asia. Dhaka represents one of the most extreme examples of rapid Megacity growth having a mere 129,000 at the start of the 20th century, 417,000 by 1950 and more than 12 million in 2001. How can a city be governed that has increased 30 times in size over a person’s lifetime? This thesis makes a case for integrated Metropolitan Regional Governance (MRG) of the Extended Metropolitan Region of Dhaka. The growing problems of Asian Megacities in general and Dhaka in particular are outlined, showing how governance has developed in a sectoral and national way rather than being place oriented. This has fractured and become totally inadequate as a means of solving the deep environmental, social and economic problems of the Megacity. The governance issues of Megacities are traced to the primary problem of the need for integrative functions in strategic and statutory planning as well as development facilitation of the Extended Metropolitan Region (EMR). Ten core principles of Metropolitan Regional Governance are established. Without this, the Megacity’s functions of infrastructure, investment, housing, environmental management, employment etc. are not coordinated or prioritised in ways that lead to ‘common good’ sustainability outcomes. The ten principles are applied to four Asian Megacities – Metro-Manila, Tokyo, Bangkok and Jakarta – to confirm their relevance and application before applying them to Dhaka. The problems of Dhaka are outlined then an analysis of Dhaka governance options is attempted based on the ten core principles of MRG. Four possibilities are analysed and a way forward is suggested combining the options. The proposed structure will build on the present system with greater responsibilities for strategic planning, statutory planning and development facilitation. It will also build up municipalities through a more transparent and engaged local planning process and create partnerships for infrastructure development. The proposed governance structure would use the dynamism of the Megacity to create sustainable solutions and hope for the future of the city. The key to implementation will be finding the political solution to make such painful change, and training professionals in the broad integrative skills of urban sustainability and community engagement that are required for the region as well as the participation and partnership skills at local level.