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Interactive effects of cucurbitacin-containing phytonematicides and biomuti on growth of citrus rootstock seedlings and accumulation of nutrient elements in leaf tissuesMokoele, Tlou January 2019 (has links)
Thesis (M.Sc. Agriculture (Horticulture)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / Cucurbitacin-containing phytonematicides and a variety of unidentified soil microbes
in suppressive soils (Biomuti) had been consistent in suppression of population
densities of root-knot (Meloidogyne spp.) nematodes on various crops. However,
information on suppressive effects of cucurbitacin-containing phytonematicides and
Biomuti on citrus growth and suppression of the citrus nematode (Tylenchulus
semipenetrans) had not been documented. The objective of this study therefore, was
to determine the interactive effects of Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL
phytonematicides and Biomuti on growth and nutrient elements in leaf tissues of
Poncirus trifoliata rootstock seedlings under greenhouse and field conditions. Uniform
six-month-old citrus rootstock seedlings [Du Roi Nursery (Portion 21, Junction Farm,
Letsitele)] were transplanted in 4 L plastic bags filled with growing mixture comprising
steam-pasteurised (300°C for 1 h) loam and compost (cattle manure, chicken manure,
sawdust, grass, woodchips and effective microorganisms) at 4:1 (v/v) ratio and placed
on greenhouse benches. A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment with the first, second and
third factors being Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide (A) and Nemafric-BL
phytonematicide (B) and Biomuti (M), were arranged in randomized complete block
design, with 10 blocks. The treatment combinations were A0B0M0, A1B0M0, A0B1M0,
A0B0M1, A1B1M0, A1B0M1, A0B1M1 and A1B1M1, with 1 and 0 signifying with and without
the indicated factor. Treatments were applied at 3% dilution for each product as
substitute to irrigation at a 17-day application interval. Under greenhouse conditions,
seedlings were irrigated every other day with 300 ml chlorine-free tap water. Under
field conditions, the study was executed using similar procedures to those in the
greenhouse trial, except that the citrus seedlings were transplanted directly into the
soil of a prepared field and seedlings were irrigated using drip irrigation for 2 h every
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other day. At 64 days after transplanting, plant growth variables were measured and
foliar nutrient elements were quantified using the Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical
Emission Spectrometry (ICPE-9000). Data were subjected to analysis of variance
using SAS software. Significant second and first order interactions were further
expressed using the three-way and two-way tables, respectively. At 64 days after the
treatments, under greenhouse conditions Nemarioc-AL × Nemafric-BL × Biomuti
interaction was not significant (P ≤ 0.05) on plant variables of seedling rootstocks in
both experiments. In contrast, the Nemarioc-AL × Biomuti interaction was highly
significant (P ≤ 0.01) on stem diameter, contributing 52% in TTV of the variable in
Experiment 1 (Table 3.1), whereas in Experiment 2 the interaction was highly
significant on dry shoot mass, contributing 33% in TTV of the variable (Table 3.2).
Relative to untreated control, the two-way matrix showed that the Nemarioc-AL ×
Biomuti interaction, Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide and Biomuti each increased stem
diameter by 1%, 12% and 5%, respectively (Table 3.3). Relative to untreated control,
the two-way matrix table showed that Nemarioc-AL × Biomuti interaction increased
dry shoot mass by 10%, whereas Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide and Biomuti each
increased dry shoot mass by 23% and 17%, respectively (Table 3.4). Nemarioc-AL ×
Nemafric-BL × Biomuti interaction was not significant (P ≤ 0.05) for all plant growth
variables in both experiments. However, Nemarioc-AL × Nemafric-BL interaction was
significant for leaf number and stem diameter contributing 45% and 29% in TTV of the
respective variables in Experiment 2 (Table 4.1). Relative to untreated control, two
way matrix table showed that the Nemarioc-AL × Nemafric-BL interaction and
Nemafric-BL phytonematicides each increased stem diameter by 8% and 11%
respectively, whereas Nemarioc-AL phytonematicides reduced stem diameter by 2%
(Table 4.2). Also using two-way matrix table showed that Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric
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BL phytonematicides each increased leaf number by 1% and 7% respectively,
whereas the Nemarioc-AL × Nemafric-BL interaction increased leaf number by 6%
(Table 4.2). Nemafric-BL × Biomuti interaction was significant for stem diameter
contributing 29% in TTV of the respective variable in Experiment 2 (Table 4.1). Using
two-way matrix table showed that Nemafric-BL × Biomuti interaction and Nemafric-BL
phytonematicide each increased stem diameter by 7%, whereas Biomuti alone
reduced stem diameter by 6% (Table 4.3). Under greenhouse conditions, the second
order Nemarioc-AL × Nemafric-BL × Biomuti interaction was highly significant for foliar
Mg, contributing 5% in TTV of the variable in Experiment 1 (Table 3.4). Relative to
untreated control, the three-way matrix table showed that the three factors, Nemafric
BL phytonematicide and Biomuti each reduced Mg by 33%, 35% and 53%,
respectively, whereas Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide increased Mg by 12% (Table
3.5). Nemarioc-AL × Biomuti interaction was highly significant for foliar Mg, contributing
9% in TTV of the variable in Experiment 1 (Table 3.4). Relative to untreated control,
the two-way matrix table showed that the Nemarioc-AL × Biomuti interaction and
Nemafric-BL phytonematicide reduced Mg by 42% and 12%, respectively, whereas
Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide alone increased Mg by 14% (Table 3.6). Nemarioc-AL
× Biomuti interaction was highly significant for foliar Ca and Mg, contributing 59 and
4% in TTV of the respective variables in Experiment 1 (Table 3.4). Also using two-way
matrix table showed that Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide and Biomuti separately
reduced Ca by 12% and 22% respectively, whereas the Nemarioc-AL × Biomuti
interaction increased Ca by 1% (Table 3.7). Relative to untreated control, the
Nemarioc-AL × Biomuti interaction, Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide and Biomuti
reduced foliar Mg by 26%, 21% and 33%, respectively (Table 3.7). Nemafric-BL ×
Biomuti interaction was highly significant for foliar Mg and P, contributing 50 and 21%
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in Experiment 1, whereas in Experiment 2 the interaction was significant for foliar Ca
and Mg, contributing 41% and 38% in TTV of the respective variables (Table 3.4).
Relative to untreated control, the two-way matrix table showed that Nemafric-BL
phytonematicide and Biomuti individually reduced Mg by 60% and 51%, respectively,
whereas the Nemafric-BL × Biomuti interaction reduced Mg by 38% (Table 3.8). Also,
in the two-way matrix table the Nemafric-BL × Biomuti interaction and Nemafric-BL
phytonematicide each reduced Mg by 13% and 2%, respectively, whereas Biomuti
alone increased P by 17% (Table 3.8). Relative to untreated control, Nemafric-BL
phytonematicide and Biomuti reduced Ca by 29% and 18%, respectively, whereas
Nemafric-BL × Biomuti interaction reduced Ca by 14% (Table 3.9). Using two-way
matrix table showed that Nemafric-BL phytonematicide and Biomuti separately
reduced Mg by 21%, whereas the Nemafric-BL × Biomuti interaction reduced Mg by
16% (Table 3.9). Interaction of Nemarioc-AL × Nemafric-BL × Biomuti had no
significant effect on K, Na and Zn in both experiments. Under field conditions, the
second order Nemarioc-AL × Nemafric-BL × Biomuti interaction was not significant for
all the nutrient elements in Experiment 1. Nemarioc-AL × Biomuti was significant for
Ca, K and highly significant for Mg and P, contributing 31, 8, 23 and 19% in TTV of
the respective variables in Experiment 1 (Table 4.4). Relative to untreated control,
two-way matrix table showed that Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide and Biomuti each
increased Ca by 15% and 26% repectiviely, whereas the Nemarioc-AL × Biomuti
increased Ca by 17% (Table 4.5). Interaction of Nemarioc-AL × Biomuti, Nemarioc-AL
phytonematicide and Biomuti each reduced Mg by 48%, 70% and 37% (Table 4.5).
Also using two-way matrix table showed that Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide and
Biomuti each increased P by 4% and 5% respectively, whereas the Nemarioc-AL ×
Biomuti interaction increased P by 50% (Table 4.5). Realative to untreated control,
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Biomuti and Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide each reduced K by 10% and 5%
respectively, whereas the Nemarioc-AL × Nemafric-BL interaction reduced K by 38%
(Table 4.7). Nemafric-BL × Biomuti interaction was highly significant for Mg and Zn,
contributing 11% and 29% in TTV of the respective variables in Experiment 1 (Table
4.4). Relative to untreated control, two-way matrix table showed that Nemarioc-AL
phytonematicide and Biomuti separately increased Mg by 1% and 19% respectiviely,
whereas the Nemafric-BL × Biomuti interaction reduced Mg by 43% (Table 4.6).
Nemafric-BL × Biomuti interaction, Nemafric-BL phytonematicide and Biomuti each
reduced Zn by 35%, 31% and 64% (Table 4.6). Using three-way matrix table showed
that the Nemarioc-AL × Nemafric-BL × Biomuti, Nemarioc-AL × Nemafric-BL,
Nemarioc-AL × Biomuti and Nemafric-BL × Biomuti interactions each increased Ca by
44%, 18%,10% and 24% (Table 4.8). Further the matrix showed that Nemarioc-AL,
Nemafric-BL phytonematicides and Biomuti each increased Ca by 25%, 31% and 23%
(Table 4.8). Under both greenhouse and field conditions, although second and first
order interactions were not consistent of various variables, results demonstrated that
the three products interacted significantly for various products. In conclusion, the study
suggested that these innovative products could be used in combination with Biomuti
to stimulate plant growth but had antagonistic effects on accumulation of nutrient
elements in P. trifoliata rootstock seedlings, suggesting that the products should be
applied separately. / Agricultural Research Council-Universities Collaboration Centre and the National Research
Foundation (NRF)
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Response of Lemon to Micronutrient FertilizationSanchez, Charles A., Wright, Glenn January 2004 (has links)
A study was initiated in the spring of 2003 to evaluate the response of lemons to soil and foliar applied micronutrients for two growing season (2003-2005). Soil applied Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu was applied in sulfate form and B as Solubor in shallow holes around the skirt of each tree. Foliar applied micronutrients were all applied as “Metalosate” products. Lemon leaf tissue analyses show marginal levels of Zn, Mn, and Cu throughout the study. In 2003-2004, soil fertilization sometimes increased leaf nutrient composition but there was no effect to foliar fertilization. In 2004-2005, ,leaf B and Zn increased to soil fertilization and leaf Mn and Cu increased to foliar fertilization Overall, there were no significant differences in yield or quality to micronutrient fertilization in either growing season.
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Foliar applications of Lo-Biuret Urea and Potassium Phosphite to Navel Orange treesWright, Glenn C., Peña, Marco January 2004 (has links)
This experiment was established in January 2000 in a block of ‘Washington’ navel orange trees at Verde Growers, Stanfield, AZ. Treatments included: normal grower practice, winter low biuret (LB) urea application, summer LB urea application, winter LB urea application plus winter and spring potassium phosphite, winter LB urea application plus summer potassium phosphite, and normal grower practice plus spring potassium phosphite. Each treatment was applied to approximately four acres of trees. For 2000-01, yields ranged from 40 to 45 lbs. per tree, and there was no effect of treatments upon total yield, and only slight effect upon fruit size, grade and quality. For 2001-02, there was a slight effect of treatment upon yield as LB urea led to improved yield, while potassium phosphite led to reduced yield. Normal grower practice was intermediate between these two extremes. For 2002-03, we noted a large increase in yield, however the yield data was lost when the block was inadvertently harvested. For 2005, there was no effect of treatments upon total yield.
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‘Lisbon’ Lemon Selection Trials in Arizona – 2004-05Wright, Glenn C. January 2004 (has links)
Four 'Lisbon' lemon selections, 'Frost Nucellar', 'Corona Foothills', 'Limoneira 8A' and 'Prior' were selected for evaluation on Citrus volkameriana rootstock. 2004-05 results indicate that the 'Limoneira 8A Lisbon' and ‘Corona Foothills Lisbon’
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Cultivar Selection Trials of Navel Orange in Arizona for 2004-05Wright, Glenn C. January 2004 (has links)
Two orange cultivar trials have been established in Arizona, one at the Yuma Mesa Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ and one at the Citrus Agriculture Center, Waddell, AZ. For the navel orange trial in Yuma, all the selections had improved yields in 2004-05. ‘Fisher’ navel continues to have the greatest yield, but is quite granulated. Of the rest in the Yuma trial, ‘Lane Late’ had the best quality and yield. For the Waddell trial, the fourth year data has been collected, and suggests that ‘Fisher’, ‘Beck-Earli’, ‘Chislett’ and ‘Lane Late’ are outperforming the other cultivars tested to date.
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Results of New Cultivar Selection Trials for Lemon in Arizona – 2004-05Wright, Glenn C. January 2004 (has links)
Three lemon cultivar selection trials are being conducted at the Yuma Mesa Agriculture Center in Somerton, AZ. Data from these trials suggest that ‘Limonero Fino 49’ selections may be a suitable alternative for the varieties most commonly planted in Southwest Arizona today. ‘Femminello’ and ‘Villafranca’ might also be planted on an experimental basis.
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Lemon Rootstock Trials in Arizona – 2004-05Wright, Glenn C. January 2004 (has links)
In a rootstock evaluation trial planted in 1993, five rootstocks, ‘Carrizo’ citrange, Citrus macrophylla, ‘Rough Lemon’, Swingle citrumelo and Citrus volkameriana were selected for evaluation using 'Limoneira 8A Lisbon' as the scion. 1994-2004 yield and packout results indicate that trees on C. macrophylla, C. volkameriana and ‘Rough Lemon’ are superior to those on other rootstocks in both growth and yield. C. macrophylla is outperforming C. volkameriana. For the second year in a row, ‘Rough Lemon’ trees performed similarly to C. macrophylla and better than C. volkameriana. ‘Swingle’ and Carrizo’ are performing poorly. In two other rootstock evaluation trials, both planted in 1995, C. macrophylla and/or C. volkameriana are outperforming other trifoliate and trifoliate-hybrid rootstocks under test.
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Assessing the Risk of Insecticide Resistance in Citrus Thrips in ArizonaKerns, David L. January 2004 (has links)
Bioassay with Dimethoate, Carzol, Danitol, Baythroid and Success were conducted on citrus thrips collected from the Yuma Mesa to determine if insecticide resistance to these insecticides occurred. Low to moderate levels of resistance were detected for Dimethoate, Carzol and Danitol, and one population exhibited a high level of resistance to Baythroid. No resistance was evident for Success. Susceptibility to Success was much higher for the Yuma populations relative to populations previously reported in California.
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Lemon Rootstock Trials in Arizona – 2005-06Wright, Glenn C., Peña, Marco A. January 2005 (has links)
In a rootstock evaluation trial planted in 1993, five rootstocks, ‘Carrizo’ citrange, Citrus macrophylla, ‘Rough Lemon’, Swingle citrumelo and Citrus volkameriana were selected for evaluation using 'Limoneira 8A Lisbon' as the scion. 1994-2005 yield and packout results indicate that trees on C. macrophylla, C. volkameriana and ‘Rough Lemon’ are superior to those on other rootstocks in both growth and yield. C. macrophylla is no longer outperforming C. volkameriana. ‘Swingle’ and Carrizo’ are performing poorly.
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Results of New Cultivar Selection Trials for Lemon in Arizona – 2005-06Wright, Glenn C. January 2005 (has links)
Three lemon cultivar selection trials are being conducted at the Yuma Mesa Agriculture Center in Somerton, AZ. Data from these trials suggest that ‘Limonero Fino 49’ selections may be a suitable alternative for the varieties most commonly planted in Southwest Arizona today. ‘Femminello’ and ‘Villafranca’ might also be planted on an experimental basis.
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