The notion of green infrastructure brings a new dynamic for dealing with urban problems in a way that responsively addresses urban problems while at the same maintaining the ecological integrity of the natural environment. Key to the notion of green infrastructure is the need to integrate and link green areas with built infrastructure in planning and development processes. Green infrastructure suggests that to achieve sustainable development in urban landscapes, green spaces should be planned for and managed as infrastructure and must be conceived of and understood as a genuinely possible means to improve and contribute to sustainability. Green infrastructure requires an institutional and policy framework that supports practices geared towards planning and managing green assets in the same way in which traditional infrastructure systems are managed. This study explores the planning and management dynamics of green infrastructure in the City of Johannesburg. The study analyses the institutional and policy frameworks of City of Johannesburg to understand these dynamics. One the one hand, the aim is to explore whether green space planning and management is understood in an ‘infrastructural’ sense and on the other, to explore the institutional blockages for green infrastructure planning in the City. The study argues that a number of institutional and implementation challenges for planning and management of green infrastructure exist in Johannesburg. These are the result of an institutional setup which essentially provides fertile ground for some structures to compete against one another rather than work collaboratively in areas that are of common interest. While these challenges exist in the city, it has been established in the study that the City has begun to shift towards green infrastructure practices to address certain urban problems such as flooding and storm-water. For instance, the City is currently deepening its understanding of the concept of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) to explore how this can contribute towards addressing issue of storm-water management. Important to note that is that while there is this gradual shift towards SUDS, the notion of green infrastructure largely remains at the conceptual level, in relation to particular issues, and is yet to be fully implemented and mainstreamed in the City’s planning processes.

Abstract Security is an issue that affects a person’s physical and psychological wellbeing. Lack of security affects the way people live their lives and stuns their potential growth in life, this lack of security creates insecurities. Theft is a reoccurring problem worldwide, that if not addressed will persist. Stock theft is one such theft that if not quickly dealt with will impact on food security- a basic human right. The costs of stock theft in South Africa alone are astronomical to the point that the amount of money lost could potentially uplift thousands of lives in the country. The purpose of the thesis is to propose a multi-faceted solution that could not only try curb stock theft but also start providing psychological security in terms of economic freedom, by affording people an opportunity to own cattle as an investment in their futures. All this applied to a rural setting in the North West province, where stock theft is potentially detrimental to a family’s security. The proposal is a facility, which will cater to the wellbeing and safety of the cows in terms of securing them from theft and ensuring maximum productivity from them by keeping them fertile and immune to disease. It is found that caring for cattle in the right way ensures maximum yields that facilitate in securing owner’s assets. The husbandry includes program that facilitates cattle’s physical security and an alternate energy component that aids in securing energy and the future. The project also looks at natural sustainability; ensuring cattle live in an environment that is as natural as possible and feature land rehabilitation and maintenance as to preserve and optimise the lands capacity. The aim is to provide an alternative to the ‘concentration camp’ style feed lots animals are subjected to, as it affects the animals negatively. For centuries cattle have been an integral part of people’s lives and livelihoods. They have always been a symbol of wealth and status, although cattle aren’t as big a part of our lives as before they still play a significant role. Essentially securing cattle means securing futures in this rural setting. / MN (2016)

Thesis. 1978. M.C.P.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / M.C.P.

bk.1. Exploration -- bk.2. Methodology -- bk.3. Solution. / Chu Yeuk Sze Vivien. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 1998-99, design report." / Bk.3 lacks individual t.p., title from t.p. of bk.1. / Includes bibliographical references. / Acknowledgements / Synopsis / Exploration of Stress / Chapter - --- Stressful Hong Kong / Chapter - --- Kind of Stress / Chapter - --- Environmental Stress (Daily Hassels) / Over Crowding / Noise Pollution / Commuting / Air Pollution / Exploration of Labyrinth / Chapter - --- Labyrinth City: Hong Kong / Chapter - --- Greek Mythology / Chapter - --- Legendary Knossos / Chapter - --- Roman Mosaic Labyrinth / Chapter - --- Invisible Cities / Chapter - --- Anst: Cartography / Continuity Physical Elements / Exploration of Stress / Chapter - --- Paths / Chapter - --- Edges / Chapter - --- Districts / Chapter - --- Nodes / Chapter - --- Landmarks / Labyrinth Site Analysis / Chapter - --- Site Location / Chapter - --- Street Perception / Chapter - --- Intersection Complexity Study / Chapter - --- Major Circulation System / Chapter - --- Reversible Road System / Chapter - --- Street Scale / Chapter - --- "Building Age, Height Distribution" / Chapter - --- Land Use and Figure Ground / Chapter - --- Illegal Building Structure / Hypothesis / Chapter - --- Potential Client / Chapter - --- Mission and Dream / Schedule of Accommodation / Precedent Studies

Pei Tin Wan Catherine. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2008-2009, design report." / Includes bibliographical references (p. 136). / Chapter Nature City Interaction --- An Introduction --- p.6 / Chapter The Exchange --- Nature - City --- p.8 / Chapter Nature --- Definition - History - Policy --- p.10 / Chapter Analysis --- Along the Edge --- p.12 / Chapter Intervention --- Across the Edge --- p.20 / Chapter Turning Back to Nature --- Social Identity --- p.22 / Chapter Case Study --- Enclosed Garden to an Open Garden --- p.26 / Chapter Programme --- Interaction in the Interface --- p.28 / Chapter Case Study --- Interaction with Nature --- p.30 / Chapter Typology --- Existing Connection along the Edge --- p.34 / Chapter Site Selection --- Criteria --- p.36 / Chapter Edge Strategy --- 1:2000 Intervention --- p.38 / Chapter Site Analysis --- Journey Experience from Central Escalator --- p.42 / Chapter Nature in Central --- Discovery of Herbs --- p.46 / Chapter Central the City --- Demand of Herbal shops and Teahosue --- p.50 / Chapter Spatial Realization with Nature --- Through the Process of Herbal Tasting --- p.56 / Chapter Sun Shading Analysis --- Four Solstice --- p.64 / Chapter Experiment on Site --- Design Process --- p.66 / Chapter Design Strategy --- From Central Escalator to Nature --- p.76 / Chapter Design Diagram --- Disputing Natural Resources --- p.80 / Chapter Design Outlook --- Plan --- p.94 / Chapter Enclosed to Open --- Section --- p.100 / Chapter Detail Design --- "Herbal Shop, Tea House, Drying and Field" --- p.102 / Chapter Journey Experience --- Sequence of Views from City to Nature --- p.116 / Chapter Presentation --- Layout --- p.134 / Appendix --- p.138

近幾十年來，全球氣候變化──特別是城市氣候變化──影響城市環境及居民生活質素的程度已引起公眾廣泛的討論。然而，過去研究一般採用之低空間解析度並不足夠為城市規劃及設計提供完善的資訊，引致對於氣候變化缺乏充分的考慮。高密度的城市環境（如香港）需要高時間解析度的氣候數據以制定有效的適應和減緩策略來應對未來氣候的變化。 / 本研究採用線性迴歸技術，以預測未來香港市區和郊區的氣溫。本研究利用氣象站和統計延伸得出之基線氣溫數據來建立統計降尺度模型，以預測未來香港市區和郊區之平均氣溫、最高氣溫和最低氣溫。 / 根據結果顯示，統計降尺度模型能夠有效建立大氣氣象參數和本港氣溫兩者之間的關係，尤其春季、秋季和冬季之氣溫預測表現理想。另外，冬季氣溫的上升趨勢則出現較大的升幅。研究結果亦顯示夜間氣溫的上升趨勢一般比日間為高。在未來的日子，郊區的溫度上升亦將會比市區為高。隨著城市化的影響納入預測溫度因素之中，預計郊區的氣溫將超過城市核心（天文台總部之氣象站），而郊區暖化的速度亦比市區和近郊為高。 / 本研究發現統計降尺度方法能有助利用全球氣候模型（GCM）提供之數據，以預測未來氣候之變化。城市規劃與設計過程是需要大量的數據進行評估氣候變化對城市環境的影響之研究，儘管統計降尺度方法有一定程度的局限性，它仍然是一個低成本而有效的方法。根據未來預測之氣溫，本研究具體指出未來之氣候變化對於城市規劃和設計過程的影響，亦提出了一系列於不同規劃層面適用之適應和減緩措施的建議。 / The effects of global climate change on urban environment have been widely discussed in recent decades. In particular, changes in urban climate have received much attention as they affect the living quality of urban dwellers. However, the coarse spatial scales employed in recent climate change studies were found to be insufficient in the context of urban planning and design. It leads to the lack of information on the changing urban climate and insufficient consideration of climate change in urban planning and design processes. In high-density cities like Hong Kong, the complex urban environment requires climatic data at very fine temporal resolution in order to formulate effective adaptation and mitigation strategies for future climate change. / The present study employed regression techniques to establish empirical relationship between large-scale predictor variables and local predictands in order to obtain future air temperature of urban and rural areas of Hong Kong. 40-year baseline conditions of local air temperature were obtained from both the observational and statistically extended temperature record. Monthly means of daily mean, maximum, and minimum air temperatures for both daytime and night-time were calculated for establishing statistical downscaling (SD) models to project future air temperature of urban and rural areas of Hong Kong. / The results suggest that regression-based downscaling techniques are able to capture the relationship between large-scale atmospheric conditions and station-scale meteorological parameters. The SD models performed particularly well in winter and considerably satisfactory results were obtained in spring and autumn. Night-time temperature trends generally exhibited greater increases than daytime trends. Seasonal variations were present with greatest increases observed in winter. Rural areas would likely experience greater warming than the urban areas in the future. With urbanization effect incorporated into the projected temperature series, it was found that air temperature projected for suburban stations would exceed that for the urban core. Rural warming also exhibited a higher rate than those observed in suburban and urban stations. / The present study shows that statistical downscaling approach provides a method to obtain information about future climatic conditions at local scale by using GCM outputs which are widely accepted to be useful tools to assist climate change studies. Despite of the limitations that historical climate would persist in projected climatic series, it allows a low-cost but effective measure for climate impact assessments, particularly in the context of urban planning and design, which requires extensive data for a wide range of studies. Based on the projected air temperature, implications of future climate change on urban planning and design of potential development were discussed and recommendations on potential adaptation and mitigation measures at different planning levels were also presented. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Lau, Ka Lun. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 159-173). / Abstracts also in Chinese.

城市氣候信息對可持續城市規劃十分重要。但是城市氣候在城市規劃上的應用仍然十分有限。都市氣候圖是一種信息和評估工具，它融合了城市氣候信 息和城市規劃要素，利用兩維空間地圖將存在的城市氣候現象和問題展現出來。通過文獻綜述可知都市氣候圖的研究源於1970 年代， 目前大部分相關研究主要針對低密度城市進行。現今隨著城市人口的持續增加和快速城市化發展， 緊湊城市和高密度城市生活將是未來不可避免的趨勢。這就迫切需要開展針對高密度城市的都市氣候圖應用研究，例如香港。 / 本研究使用的氣象數據來自香港天文台，規劃數據則從香 港政府規劃署獲得。基於前期香港都市氣候分析圖和風信息圖層所獲得的分析 和評估結果，該研究繪製了可應用在分區大綱圖的香港都市氣候規劃建議圖和重點規劃建議，並探討了具體的規劃控制策略，涵蓋樓宇密度（容積率、樓宇高度和基地建築覆蓋率）、 綠化（綠化帶，都市綠洲和開放空間的連接及綠色網格）、樓宇後移、通風廊道（河道、風道和通風廊）、非建築用地,樓宇間距和樓宇通透性。根據香港城市氣候的特點，結合香港分區大綱圖的邊界和 區劃，設立了分區大綱圖的4 個規劃策略類型，劃分了18 個組團，並形成詳細的都市氣候規劃建議圖。每個組團又再細化成若干次區域，並配有詳細的規劃改善建議。香港都市氣候規劃建議圖和18 個組團的詳細都市氣候 規劃建議圖以及相應的規劃建議為香港搭建了一個城市氣候規劃應用框架，有效的引導規劃和發展進程，確保規劃師和決策管理著採用適合的城市氣候評估結果。 / 本研究發現香港都市氣候規劃建議圖可為城市規劃師和決策管理者在宏觀、區域及策略性的層面上提供有益的城市氣候信息平台。根據相關的氣候規劃建議和策略，便於規劃師和決策管理著選取適宜的規劃手段，進而有針對性地改善城市氣候狀況，特別是針對敏感地區。同時，該研究結果有助於在分區大綱圖的層面上開展規劃 探討及決策。另外該研究方法和所提出的相關規劃建議針對高密度城市 狀況，均可供其他相似城市參考， 特別是珠江三角洲地區。現已有三個城市：高雄、澳門和阿納姆的都市氣候圖研究借鑒並採用了該研究的研究成果。 / Urban climate is of great importance for the sustainable urban planning. However, urban climatic application has a low impact on urban planning. The Urban Climatic Map (UCMap) is a climatic information and evaluation tool to integrate urban climatic factors and town planning considerations by presenting climatic phenomena and problems on two-dimensional spatial maps. Literature reviews that the UCMap studies have been developed since the 1970s, but most UCMap studies focus on low density cities. Due to increasing urban population and rapid urbanization nowadays, compact living and high density city lives are inevitable trends around the world. This makes it an urgent issue to study how to apply UCMap to high density cities, such as Hong Kong. / The study used meteorological data from Hong Kong Observatory and planning data from Planning Department of the Government of Hong Kong SAR. Based on the climatic analysis from the Urban Climatic Analysis Map and Wind Information Layer, this study developed an Urban Climatic Recommendation Map (UC-ReMap) and formulated key planning recommendations for Hong Kong, which could then be applied at the level of Outline Zoning Plan (OZP). Planning controllers including density (plot ratio, building height, and site coverage/ground coverage), greenery (green belt, green oasis and linkage of open space & green network), building setback, ventilation corridor (water channel and air path & breezeway), non-building area, building separation and building permeability are discussed and incorporated into the key planning recommendations. Furthermore, four categories of OZPs, 18 groups of OZPs and detailed UC-ReMaps were elaborated according to their urban climatic characteristics. Each group was evaluated further into sub-zones with detailed planning advices. All UC-ReMaps and planning recommendations can provide an urban climatic planning framework for Hong Kong and guidance for the planning and development process; it also ensures that appropriate urban climatic considerations are taken into account. Based on above framework, this study furthers the field by applying Urban Climatic Map into the town planning of Hong Kong. / The study finds that the UC-ReMap of Hong Kong provides a useful urban climatic information platform at the comprehensive, territorial and strategic levels for planners and policy makers. According to the climatic planning recommendations, appropriate plan actions could be conducted to improve the urban climatic conditions of the specific territory, particularly the sensitive areas. These facilitate the planning related discussion and decision-making process at the OZPs. Moreover, the research method and planning recommendations developed in this study, which are in the context of high-density cities ,offer a lit of implications for possible application in other similar places, especially the region of Pear River Delta. The gained research experience and learned application lessons have been applied into several other governmental research projects beyond HongKong, such as Kaohsiung, Macau and Arnhem. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Ren, Chao. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.iii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.vii / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xi / LIST OF TABLES --- p.xiii / ACRONYMS --- p.xiv / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.15 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction and Motivation --- p.15 / Chapter 1.2 --- Issues and Problems --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3 --- Objectives --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4 --- Methodology --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.1. --- Data --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Theory --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Working Procedures --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- The Scope of the Study --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Delimitation --- p.22 / Chapter 1.5 --- Significance and Benefits --- p.22 / Chapter 1.6 --- Organizations of the Thesis --- p.22 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2 --- Review of the Development of Urban Climatic Map Study --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3 --- The Structure of Urban Climatic Map System --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Climatope --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Urban Climatic Analysis Map (UC-AnMap) --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Urban Climatic Recommendation Map (UC-ReMap) and Planning Recommendations --- p.35 / Chapter 2.4 --- Summery --- p.42 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- REVIEW OF EXSITING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION AND PLANNING OF HONG KONG --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2 --- Review of General Climatic-Environmental Condition of Hong Kong --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- General Urban Climate Information of Hong Kong --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- Meteorological Record from HKO --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2.1.2 --- Urban Climatic Data from Spot Field Measurements --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- General Topography Information of Hong Kong --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- General Greenery Information of Hong Kong --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3 --- Town Planning System of Hong Kong --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Outline Zoning Plan (OZP) --- p.55 / Chapter 3.5 --- Summary --- p.58 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- URBAN CLIMATIC PLANNING RECOMMENDATION MAP AND KEY PLANNING RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HONG KONG --- p.59 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.59 / Chapter 4.2 --- Process and a Parametric Understanding --- p.59 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Reference Data for UCReMap of Hong Kong --- p.60 / Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- The UC-AnMap for Hong Kong --- p.60 / Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- Wind Information Layer --- p.63 / Chapter 4.3 --- Key generic interpretation of the UC-AnMap for planning purpose --- p.68 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Density --- p.70 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Greenery --- p.76 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Building Setback --- p.79 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Non-Building Area --- p.81 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Building Separation & Building Permeability --- p.83 / Chapter 4.4 --- Key Issues and Analysis --- p.83 / Chapter 4.5 --- UC-Re MAP Strategic and District Planning Recommendations --- p.85 / Chapter 4.6 --- A General Commentary and Notes of the UC-ReMap --- p.92 / Chapter 4.7 --- Cares in Interpreting the HK UC-Remap --- p.94 / Chapter 4.8 --- Four Categories of OZPs --- p.94 / Chapter 4.9 --- Process of Detailed UC-ReMap and Planning Advices --- p.98 / Chapter 4.10 --- 18 Groups of OZPs --- p.100 / Chapter 4.11 --- Verification of the detailed UC-ReMap and planning recommendations --- p.102 / Chapter 4.12 --- Summery --- p.105 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- DETAILED UCREMAP AND PLANNING ADVICES FOR 18 GROUPS OF OZPS --- p.107 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.107 / Chapter 5.2 --- 18 Groups of OZPs & Detailed Planning Advices --- p.107 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- The 1st Group of OZPs --- p.107 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- The 2nd Group of OZPs --- p.108 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- The 3th Group of OZPs --- p.114 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- The 4th Group of OZPs --- p.118 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- The 5th Group of OZPs --- p.123 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- The 6th Group of OZPs --- p.127 / Chapter 5.2.7 --- The 7th Group of OZPs --- p.133 / Chapter 5.2.8 --- The 8th Group of OZPs --- p.138 / Chapter 5.2.9 --- The 9th Group of OZPs --- p.144 / Chapter 5.2.10 --- The 10th Group of OZPs --- p.150 / Chapter 5.2.11 --- The 11th Group of OZPs --- p.157 / Chapter 5.2.12 --- The 12th Group of OZPs --- p.163 / Chapter 5.2.13 --- The 13th Group of OZPs --- p.168 / Chapter 5.2.14 --- The 14th Group of OZPs --- p.174 / Chapter 5.2.15 --- The 15th Group of OZPs --- p.182 / Chapter 5.2.16 --- The 16th Group of OZPs --- p.189 / Chapter 5.2.17 --- The 17th Group of OZPs --- p.196 / Chapter 5.2.18 --- The 18th Group of OZPs --- p.203 / Chapter 5.3 --- Summery --- p.210 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- CONCLUSION --- p.212 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.212 / Chapter 6.2 --- Research Summary --- p.212 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- The UC-ReMap of Hong Kong and Key Planning Recommendations --- p.212 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Four Categories of OZPs --- p.212 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- 18 Groups of OZPs --- p.213 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Detailed UC-ReMap and Detailed Planning Recommendations for Each Group of OZPs --- p.214 / Chapter 6.3 --- Discussion --- p.214 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Advantages --- p.214 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Limitations --- p.215 / Chapter 6.4 --- Research Contributions --- p.216 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Providing Strategic Climatic Planning Recommendations for Planner and Designers --- p.216 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Serving as an Example for other High Density Cities --- p.217 / Chapter 6.5 --- Conclusion --- p.217 / Chapter 6.6 --- Further Work --- p.218 / Chapter BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.220 / Chapter APPENDIX 1 --- p.230 / Chapter APPENDIX 2 --- p.231 / Chapter APPENDIX 3 --- p.232 / Chapter APPENDIX 4 --- p.238

全球變暖現象在最近幾年的高漲，引發了城市中不斷發生的嚴峻局部炎熱氣候，也令戶外熱舒適度課題不斷得到更多關注。這篇論文中作者從城市設計角度考察熱舒適度的分佈，並且著眼于通過定量模型研究城市形態因子與熱舒適度之間的關係，以模型作爲客觀數據實測和人主觀感受之間的橋梁。文中以荷蘭城市鹿特丹為典型代表研究了輻射爲主情況下城市設計對熱能動力學的影響，用平均輻射溫度為關鍵變量基於SOLWEIG軟件模擬探討這個變量的時空分佈。同時爲了在更長時間段中對熱舒適度作校準，輻射模擬的結果也通過RayMan軟件和氣象學觀測結果結合得出更加符合人體感受的熱環境評判結論。 / 文中主要考慮三种城市形態因子：高寬比，街道方向，和建築物外形。街道被分成中間區域和兩邊行人區域，以力圖得到最接近事實上熱舒適度感覺的結果。通過分析模型輸出和模擬結果，我們確認了城市形態因子對熱舒適度有顯著影響。從不同角度進一步研究不同城市因子的變化和熱舒適度變化之間的定量關係，我們發現所考慮的三种形態因子都會改變熱舒適度的分佈，並且各個因子的影響之間也有相關性。這些影響和相關性讓我們可以從結果中總結出更深層的機理，其中最重要的分別是日間太陽短波輻射的阻擋陰影效果和夜間長波散熱的束縛效果。在這兩個原理的作用下模型結果可以得到統一的解釋歸納，並且給出基於這些結果的城市設計方面的建議，包括在日照最充足的區域減小天空開闊度，通過調整街道方向減少日光直接照射等等。 / 文中所給出的結果和研究方法展現了城市形態對熱舒適度的動態影響，並可以作爲進一步研究的基礎。我們給出了一些可行的擴展，討論了更多可以研究的重要效應，以進一步加深對這些影響的理解和拓寬改善城市熱環境的手段。經由定量建模和多變量分析，城市設計對熱舒適度的影響可以得到更好理解和利用。 / The outdoor thermal comfort is becoming an increasingly important topic in recent years because of the global warming effect and the severe heat events experienced by cities. In this thesis we address the thermal comfort from the urban design perspective and aim at quantitatively modeling the relationship between urban form factors and thermal comfort output from a data-based human-oriented approach. Selecting Rotterdam of the Netherlands as a target city, we focus upon the radiation component of thermal environment when connecting urban design to thermal equilibrium dynamics. The radiation is represented by the Mean Radiant Temperature (Tmrt) variable, and simulated using the Solar Long Wave Environmental Irradiance Geometry (SOLWEIG) model. To evaluate the long-term calibrated thermal comfort using data over longer periods the RayMan model is also used to combine the radiation simulation output with meteorological parameters for a more human-oriented comparison. / The urban form factors considered include the height-to-width ratio (h/w), the street orientations, and the urban forms. To enable a more realistic evaluation of pedestrian thermal comfort we also divide the street into three separate zones so that the center and two side pavement zones can be individually studied and placed together for a comparison. The results confirm the impact of urban forms on thermal comfort and quantitatively evaluate such effects from all different perspectives. We find that all the urban form factors impose variations of the simulated thermal variables, and they also have correlated interactions revealing deeper connections and principles governing such relations. The most significant principles found for the scenario studies are the shading of solar short-wave radiation during the day and the trapping of long-wave emission at night, summarizing all the individual effects into a coherent body of knowledge. Utilizing these discoveries we can make design recommendations toward a better thermal environment, including reducing the sky view factor at the locations with the most solar radiation exposure, orienting the streets to utilize the building shades, etc. / As a precursor into the dynamic nature of urban form impact over thermal comfort, the results and methodology presented in this thesis serve as a foundation of more research in the same direction. Several possible extensions are proposed and more important effects are mentioned, revealing the potential and strength of our approach. Both the current research and possible extensions contribute to the field of urban thermal comfort and provide unique perspectives for rigorous quantitative investigations into a realistic urban thermal comfort model. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Dai, Qun. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-80). / Abstracts also in Chinese.

published_or_final_version / Urban Design / Master / Master of Urban Design

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Architecture