Most engineers interested in soil problems now recognize that for progress to be made analysis must be in terms of more fundamental physical and chemical concepts. The nature of the exchangeable cation is an example of an important chemical factor contributing to the properties of many clays. Experimental work has shown that in some soils swelling due to frost action can be dramatically reduced by changing the exchangeable cation./47 Other work indicates that the bearing capacity of piles may be increased by promoting cation exchange./47 At the Golden Gate Exposition the permeability of a lagoon was reduced 90% as the result of cation exchange./37

This study introduces and investigates a general method for measuring the flow of granular material through orifices. During the last decade or so, the phenomenon of the mechanization of material handling in modern industry has developed into immense proportions. But the problem of the handling of granular material through orifices lies, obviously, at the very root of this tremendous development. The present study is an attempt to contribute to the solution of this problem. Laboratory investigations were conducted with Ottawa Sand, glass bins, sand-paper bins and circular orifices. The effect of head, diameter of bin, diameter of orifice, roughness of bin walls and vibrations on the flow were studied. Graphs were plotted and the flow constants ascertained.

Note: Missing Page 55. / This thesis is concerned with the effect of connections of the semi-rigid type on the Plastic methods of structural steel design. The basic principles of Plastic Design are presented, illustrating the formation of plastic ''hinges", and their rotational properties. The beam line method for semi- rigid connections, originated by C. Batho, is shown, and a theory presented using this beam line to find the required semi- rigid connection which will transfer the hinge rotation from the beam to the connection. Experiments are described in which this theory was verified. Two connections were tested to obtain their moment-rotation characteristics. Then two statically indeterminate structures using the same types of connections were tested to demonstrate that all plastic hinges formed at the same load. Finally, the advantages of this method are discussed.

The behaviour of frozen soil under loading conditions has been studied in terms of fundamental factors contributing to the strength of the soil. Electro-chemical theories based upon forces of interaction between charged particles have been applied by considering fine-grained soils as platelets with unbalanced charges. It has been shown that the quantity of water remaining unfrozen in a soil-water system is directly related to the surface potential and the potential halfway between two adjacent charged plates. Unfrozen water content is dependent on the original water content, temperature, clay content, charge density, and electrolytic concentration.

In riveted beam to column web connections the relationship between the connection‘s end rotation and moment have received considerable attention in the past. Numerous tests and studies have been made using various combinations of beams, connections and column sizes. However, little is known about the relationship of moment and rotation in high-tensile bolted beam to column connections.

By the very nature of its subject, soil mechanics as compared to a modern science is inexact. Of necessity, idealized sections have been assumed in the determination of the various theories which govern the action of a soil. However, in the field all the local vagaries of nature come into play and the resulting heterogeneous mass is difficult to analyse and inconsistent in its properties. Thus, the field or soil mechanics has seen two parallel paths utilized in its development. The theoretical path has led to a fuller understanding of the stresses and strains which affect the soil; but the rigorous application of these theories has not proved completely satisfactory in the field.

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