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Lai, Pak Kin Patrick. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 139-146). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Definition of Stone Spade --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Importance of Stone Spade Research --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Structure of the Thesis --- p.6 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1 --- The Neolithic Chronology in Hong Kong --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2 --- Lithic studies: Typological Analysis and Functional Analysis --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3 --- Chaine Operatoire and Cognitive Archaeology --- p.26 / Chapter 2.4 --- Research on Stone Spades --- p.34 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND METHODOLOGY --- p.37 / Chapter 3.1 --- Research Questions --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2 --- Fieldsite specification --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3 --- Research methods --- p.41 / Chapter 3.4 --- Use Wear Analysis --- p.43 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 T --- HE YUNG LONG NORTH ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSEMBLAGE --- p.52 / Chapter 4.1 --- Yung Long and the surrounding area --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2 --- Lithic assemblage of Yung Long North (YLN) --- p.55 / Chapter 4.3 --- Correlation Tests on Selected Artefacts --- p.67 / Chapter 4.4 --- Results of Use Wear Analysis --- p.78 / Chapter 4.5 --- Preliminary Summary --- p.96 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- THE CHAINE OPERATOIRE OF STONE SPADES AND THE LITHIC ASSEMBLAGE FROM YUNG LONG NORTH --- p.99 / Chapter 5.1 --- Lithic Manufacturing as Part of the Cultural Development --- p.99 / Chapter 5.2 --- What are the choices selected in the design and planning of lithic manufacturing? --- p.101 / Chapter 5.3 --- Standardisation --- p.110 / Chapter 5.4 --- What is the function of stone spades and its relationship with agriculture? --- p.118 / Chapter 5.5 --- Where to Discard? ´ؤ the Cognitive Map on Space Utilisation --- p.127 / Chapter 5.6 --- What subsistence strategies are reflected in the lithic assemblage? --- p.128 / Chapter 5.7 --- How the manufacturing is organized? --- p.130 / Chapter 5.8 --- What is the Cultural Development represented in the Late Neolithic Yung Long? --- p.134 / Chapter 5.9 --- Conclusion --- p.135 / Chapter 5.10 --- Some final remarks --- p.137 / REFERENCES --- p.139 / APPENDIX A --- p.147 / APPENDIX B --- p.160 / List of Tables / Table 3.1 Average dimension of adzes and roughouts from YLN / Table 4.1 Counts of the whole Late Neolithic lithic assemblage from YLN / Table 4.2 Correlations of 20 Spades from Late Neolithic YLN / Table 4.3 Correlations of 41 regular adzes from Late Neolithic YLN / Table 4.4 Correlations of 71 adzes from Late Neolithic YLN / Table 4.5 Adze measurements from YLN and SKSH (after Chan 2005) / "Table 4.6 Correlations of summarized adze typologies (Regular, Single-Shouldered and Double Shouldered adzes) from Late Neolithic YLN and SKSH" / Table 4.7 Correlations of 35 Projectile Points from Late Neolithic YLN / Table 4.8 Correlations of 11 Yues from Late Neolithic YLN / Table 4.9 Correlations of 12 Netsinkers from Late Neolithic YLN / Table 4.10 Correlations of 16 Picks from Late Neolithic YLN / Table 4.11 Correlations of 29 Hammerstones from Late Neolithic YLN / Table 4.12 Use wears on replicas after task-oriented experiments / Table 5.1 Comparison among the Late Neolithic lithic assemblages around Yung Long (North) (Ng Ka Yuen and Chan Ka Yuen: after Au 2004) / List of Figures / "Figure 1.1 Hong Kong in its regional setting (Source: Lands Department, HKSAR 2010)" / Figure 4.1 Bar Chart Showing the Number of Pieces of Implements from YLN in terms of materials / Figure 4.2 Pie Chart showing the Percentage of Implements Materials from YLN / Figure 4.3 Pie Chart showing the Percentage of Implements Types from YLN / Figure 4.4 Radar Diagram of 20 Spades Measurements from YLN / Figure 4.5 Radar Diagram of Adze Measurements from YLN and SKSH (after Chan 2005) / Figure 4.6 Radar Diagram of 71 Adzes Measurements from YLN / Figure 4.7 Radar Diagram of 35 Projectile Points Measurements from YLN / Figure 4.8 Radar Diagram of 11 Yue Measurements from YLN / Figure 4.9 Radar Diagram of 12 Netsinkers from YLN / Figure 4.10 Radar Diagram of 16 Picks Measurements from YLN / Figure 4.11 Radar Diagram of 29 Hammerstones Measurements from YLN / Appendices / Chapter Appendix A --- Artefact Statistics / Chapter Appendix B --- Maps and Plates

AFRIKAANS: Hierdie verhandeling is ‘n studie van hartbees- of dakhuise, wat van 1652 tot in die 20ste eeu in Suid-Afrika voorgekom het. Jan van Rie¬beeck en sy gesin het aanvanklik (1652) in ‘n tydelike dakhuis in Tafelbaai gewoon. Dakhuise is deur die vee- en Trekboere, asook die Voortrekkers na die uithoeke van die land versprei. Die gevolgtrekking waartoe deur die studie gekom word is, dat die begrip hartbeeshuis dakhuise, ontwikkelde dakhuise en (lang)muurhuise vir tydelike bewoning insluit. Die dakraamwerk van die bootvormige dakhuis het uit ‘n vurkondersteunde-nokpaalkonstruksie bestaan. Drie dakraamtipes het by die wigvormige dakhuis voorgekom, naamlik die gaffelsuilondersteunde-nokpaalkonstruksie, vurkondersteunde-nokpaalkonstruksie en die kapstylraamwerk. Geen bewyse ter ondersteuning van die bestaande teorie oor die oor¬sprong van die term hartbeeshuis kon gevind word nie. Tydgenootlike getuienis het tot die gevolgtrekking gelei dat die oorsprong van die term hartbeeshuis met die vorm van die inheemse boksoort, die hartbees verband hou. Die Suid-Afrikaanse dakhuise toon direkte ooreenkomste met die millennia-oue Wes-Europese dakhuistradisie, waarvan die vorm en konstruksie ten spyte van geografiese verskille min of geensins verander het nie. Die lande van oorsprong en die prototipes word aangewys, waarna die Suid-Afrikaanse eweknie ten opsigte van die vorm, materiaal en konstruksie - met in beg rip van streekverskille - beskryf word. In die slotbeskouing word die betekenis van die dakhuis as Westerse woning, asook die bewaring daarvan kortliks in oënskou geneem. ENGLISH: The study focuses on the history of the South African hartbeeshuis or roof dwelling dating from 1652 well into the 20th century. For the first few months in Table Bay, Jan van Riebeeck and his family had to reside in a temporary roof dwelling. Roof dwellings were distributed through South Africa by the migrating stock-and cattle-farmers and eventually by the Voortrekkers. The conclusion of the study is that the concept hartbeeshuis refers to roof dwellings, developed roof dwellings and the temporary long walled house. The roof structure of the boat-shaped roof house consisted of a primary tong-support. The framework of the wedge-shaped roof dwelling takes one of three forms: it may consist of two forked uprights carrying a ridge tree against which the sides lean; it may consist of two pairs of sloping poles which cross at the apex to carry the ridge tree; or it may consist of a series of paired couples. No evidence could be found to support any of the existing theories regarding the origin of the term hartbeeshuis. Contemporary evidence confirms that the term is associated with the shape of the indigenous antelope, the hartbees. The South African roof dwelling correlate with the oldest building traditions in Western Europe. In South Africa, the basic shape and construction of the roof have only experienced little changes on a regional level. The various prototypes and the countries of origin are highlighted. The South African counterparts are described according to their shape, construction materials and technique. The study concludes with the significance of the roof dwelling as a Western dwelling type and the conservation thereof. / Dissertation (MA (Cultural History))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Historical and Heritage Studies / unrestricted

This study argues for a transition from imperialism to internationalism in British Columbia educational thought, policy and practice from 1900 to 1939. Three contrasting and complementary internationalist orientations were dominant in British Columbia during that period. Some educators embraced an altruistic “socially transformative internationalism” built on social gospel, pacifist, social reform, cooperative and progressivist notions. This contrasted with a self-interested “competitive advantage internationalism,” more explicitly economic, capitalist and entrepreneurial. A third type was instrumental and practical, using international comparisons and borrowing to support or help explain the other two. The thesis pays special attention to province-wide developments both in government and out. These include the work of the British Columbia Teachers’ Federation (BCTF), of several voluntary organizations, and provincial Department of Education policy and programme innovations. Examples include the rise, demise, and revival of cadet training, technical education, Department curriculum policy, and the work of the Overseas Education League, the National Council on Education, the Junior Red Cross, the World Goodwill Society of British Columbia, the Vancouver Board of Trade, and the League of Nations Society in Canada. A diverse array of BCTF leaders, parents, teachers, voluntary organizations, students, educational policy makers and bureaucrats, editorialists, the general public, and the provincial government supported international education and internationalist outlooks. The argument is supported chiefly by organizational and government documents, by editorials, letters, articles, commentaries, conference reports, and speeches in The B.C. Teacher, by Department of Education and sundry other reports, by League of Nations materials, and by newspapers and other publications. Distinctive imperially-minded educational ideas and practices prevailed in British Columbia from about 1900 to the mid-1920s, whereas explicitly internationalist education notions and practices complemented or overshadowed imperial education from about 1919 to 1939. The transition from imperialism to internationalism in British Columbia education and society coincided with Canada’s industrialization in an interdependent global economy, and its maturation into an independent self governing nation within the Commonwealth and League of Nations.

This study argues for a transition from imperialism to internationalism in British Columbia educational thought, policy and practice from 1900 to 1939. Three contrasting and complementary internationalist orientations were dominant in British Columbia during that period. Some educators embraced an altruistic “socially transformative internationalism” built on social gospel, pacifist, social reform, cooperative and progressivist notions. This contrasted with a self-interested “competitive advantage internationalism,” more explicitly economic, capitalist and entrepreneurial. A third type was instrumental and practical, using international comparisons and borrowing to support or help explain the other two. The thesis pays special attention to province-wide developments both in government and out. These include the work of the British Columbia Teachers’ Federation (BCTF), of several voluntary organizations, and provincial Department of Education policy and programme innovations. Examples include the rise, demise, and revival of cadet training, technical education, Department curriculum policy, and the work of the Overseas Education League, the National Council on Education, the Junior Red Cross, the World Goodwill Society of British Columbia, the Vancouver Board of Trade, and the League of Nations Society in Canada. A diverse array of BCTF leaders, parents, teachers, voluntary organizations, students, educational policy makers and bureaucrats, editorialists, the general public, and the provincial government supported international education and internationalist outlooks. The argument is supported chiefly by organizational and government documents, by editorials, letters, articles, commentaries, conference reports, and speeches in The B.C. Teacher, by Department of Education and sundry other reports, by League of Nations materials, and by newspapers and other publications. Distinctive imperially-minded educational ideas and practices prevailed in British Columbia from about 1900 to the mid-1920s, whereas explicitly internationalist education notions and practices complemented or overshadowed imperial education from about 1919 to 1939. The transition from imperialism to internationalism in British Columbia education and society coincided with Canada’s industrialization in an interdependent global economy, and its maturation into an independent self governing nation within the Commonwealth and League of Nations. / Education, Faculty of / Educational Studies (EDST), Department of / Graduate

Please read the abstract (Summary) in the section, 20summary of this document Copyright 2002, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Bauermeester, EM 2002, Die Kaapse slawe in kultuurhistoriese perspektief - 1652-1838 (Afrikaans), MA dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11082007-092819 / > / Dissertation (MA (Cultural History))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Historical and Heritage Studies / Unrestricted