This diploma thesis is focused on the finding and describing of the relationships between petrological parameters and technological properties of rocks used for the production of aggregates (crushed stone). Rock specimens were selected from a geological area of Culm (Lower Carboniferous age) in the area of Nízký Jeseník Mts. and Drahanská vrchovina uplands in the Czech Republic. Studied localities were selected on the basis of the current quarrying operations and also to represent the different strata. The six studied localities encompass Kobylí, Chabičov, and Bělkovice where Horní Benešov formation of Nízký Jeseník is exposed. Locality Valšov represents Andělské Hory formation and locality Nová Ves and Loštice represent Protivanov formation of Drahanská vrchovina uplands. Two specimens were taken from the locality Loštice (one from the second cut because there are produced low-grade aggregates and the third cut where high quality crushed stone is produced). A detailed mineralogical-petrographic examination of the samples was the first step, in an attempt to obtain their mineralogical composition and to identify the major rock-forming clasts. Thin sections were examined by standard polarizing microscopy. The auxiliary UV lamp and thin sections saturated by fluorescent substance were used for the...

The presence of subseismic scale faulting within high porosity sandstone reservoirs and aquifers represents a significant source of uncertainty for activities such as hydrocarbon production and the geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide. The inability to resolve geometrical properties of these smaller scale faults, such as size, connectivity and intensity, using conventional subsurface datasets (i.e. seismic reflection tomography, wireline log and core), leads to ambiguous representations within reservoir models and simulators. In addition, more fundamental questions still remain over the role of cataclastic faults in the trapping and transfer of mobile geofluids within the subsurface, particularly when two or more immiscible fluid phases are present, as is the case during hydrocarbon accumulation, waterflood operations and CO2 injection. By harnessing recent developments in 3D digital surface and volume imaging, this study addresses uncertainties pertaining to the geometrical and petrophysical properties of subseismic scale faults within porous sandstone reservoirs. A novel structural feature extraction and modelling framework is developed, which facilitates the restoration of fault and fracture architecture from digital rock surface models. This framework has been used to derive volumetric fault abundance and connectivity from a normal sense array of cataclastic shear bands developed within high porosity sandstones of the Vale of Eden Basin, UK. These spatially resolved measures of discontinuity abundance provide the basis for the geostatistical extrapolation of fracture/fault intensity into reservoir modelling grids, which promises the introduction of a much higher degree of geological realism into discrete fracture network models than can currently be achieved through purely stochastic methods. Moreover, by establishing spatial correspondences between volumetric faulting intensity and larger scale features of deformation observed at the study area (cataclastic shear zones), the work demonstrates the potential to relate reservoir equivalent measures of fault or fracture abundance obtained from outcrop to seismically resolvable structures within the subsurface, aiding the prediction of reservoir structure from oilfield datasets. In addition to the derivation of continuum scale properties of sub-seismic scale fault networks, a further investigation into the pore-scale controls which govern the transfer of fluids within cataclised sandstones has been conducted. Through X-ray tomographic imaging of experimental core flood (scCO2-brine primary drainage) through a cataclastic shear band bearing sandstone, insights into the influence that variations in fault structure exert over the intra-fault drainage pathway of an invading non-wetting fluid have been gained. Drainage across the fault occurs as a highly non-uniform and non-linear process, which calls into question the practice of using continuum methods to model cross fault flow. This work has also provided an improved understanding of the role that high capillary entry pressure cataclised regions play in modifying pore-fluid displacement processes within the surrounding matrix continuum. In particular, the high sweep efficiency and enhanced non-wetting phase pore-wall contact relating to elevated phase pressure observed during drainage points towards favourable conditions for wettability alteration within cataclised sandstones. This is likely to negatively impact upon the effectiveness of oil recovery and CO2 sequestration operations within equivalent reservoir and aquifer settings.

No description available.

In the Colossal Cave area, Pima County, Arizona, massive blocks of Paleozoic sedimentary rocks have been thrust from a southerly direction over an irregular surface of Rincon Valley granite of Laramide age. The Paleozoic rocks involved in the thrusting are the Bolsa quartzite, Abrigo formation, Martin limestone, Escabrosa limestone, Horquilla limestone, and Andrada formation. The Pantano formation (Miocene ?) is also present under the thrust sheet. The thrusting is of an imbricate nature with slip-page mainly teaking place along incompetent rock units. Large folds occur in the Escabrosa limestone and Horquilla lime-stone. A siliceous breccia is associated with thrust planes in the area. The competent units of the Paleozoic sediments were fractured and brecciated along the thrust planes. Solutions dissolved part of the silica and hematite from the Bolsa quartzite and deposited it in the fractured and brecciated zones.

This diploma thesis presents first systematic geochemical a petrographical research of clastic bands in the lower-miocene Main Coal of the Most Basin. The main target of the thesis is evaluation of proxy analyses (EDXRF) of clastic bands and ash yield from coal. This method allows for identification of paleogeographic information about provenance of clastics derived from two different sources. The first source area represents weathered Tertiary volcanoclastics and the second is derived from crystalline basement in southwest part of the Bohemian Massif. Different geochemical signal of these two source areas detected in clastic bands allowed to constrain the switching of provenance into the lower part of the middle bench of the Main Coal in the Bílina open-cast mine whereas in the Doly Nástup-Tušimice mine this change occurs below the Main Coal. This result corresponds with idea of gradual changing of provenance across basin. Anomalous geochemical composition characterised by apparently increased content of Sr-Ba-P-Ca elements in one of clastic bands in the lower part of the Main Coal exposed in the Doly Nástup-Tušimice open-cast mine is related to presence of phosphate group minerals florencite and woodhouseite minerals as confirmed by RTG diffraction. This assemblage suggests possible admixture of...

The Black Prince Limestone of southeastern Arizona has been assigned to the Morrowan on the basis of several long-ranging fossils. Since these were not especially diagnostic, the exact time represented by the Black Prince within the Morrowan was uncertain. To date the Black Prince more precisely, six sections were systematically sampled for conodonts. The condonts found, especially Neognathodus bassleri, Rachistognathus muricatus, Idiognathoides convexus, and Spathoqnathodus coloradoensis, indicate a middle Morrowan to early Derryan age for the Black Prince in the study area. Four conodont zones can be recognized: the Neognathodus bassleri Zone, the Idiognathodus sinuosis.- Streptognathodus anteeccentricus Zone , the Idiognathoides convexus Zone, and the Spathognathodus coloradoensis-Neognathodus columbiensis Zone. These zones compare favorably with the zonation previously established in the type Morrowan. This biostratigraphic evidence suggests that the hiatus between the Black Prince and Horquilla Limestones increases in magnitude from southeastern to south-central Arizona. The Black Prince represents a sequence of tidal flat and shallow subtidal carbonate deposits. Mudstones and sparsely fossiliferous wackestones with low fossil diversity and abundance characterize the tidal-flat facies. Grainstones, packstones, and fossiliferous wackestones with high fossil diversity and abundance characterize the shallow subtidal facies.

Riedel shear zones are geometric fault patterns commonly associated with strike-slip fault systems. The progressive evolution of natural Riedel shear zones within the Navajo Sandstone of southern Utah is interpreted from the spatial evolution of small-scale, incipient Proto-Riedel Zones (PRZs) to better-developed Riedel shear zones using field mapping and three-dimensional digital modeling. PRZs nucleate as a tabular zone of localized shearing marked by en èchelon deformation bands, each of which is no more than a few mm wide and tens of cm long, and oriented at 55° - 85° to the trend of the zone. With increasing strain, deformation bands and sedimentary markers are sheared ductily through granular flow and assume a sigmoidal form. The temporal and spatial evolution of bands comprising a Riedel shear zone suggests that PRZs nucleate as transitional-compactional deformation bands under localized, supra-lithostatic fluid pressure. Subsequent bands develop under modified regional stresses as conjugate shear fractures within the strain- hardened axis of the PRZ. These antithetic driven systems are not compatible with traditional synthetic driven models of Riedel shear zones. Unlike most synthetic driven examples, these antithetic driven systems are not controlled by preexisting "basement" structures, thus their geometries reflect a primary propagation or secondary passive deformation mechanism.

Η μεταπτυχιακή διατριβή με θέμα: «Φυσική Ραδιενέργεια των κλαστικών και ανθρακικών ιζημάτων στην περιοχή ανατολικά της Ηγουμενίτσας», έχει ως αντικείμενο την αναγνώριση, μελέτη και ανάλυση της φυσικής ραδιενέργειας των φυσικών ραδιονουκλιδίων U238, Th232, Ra226 και K40 στις κλαστικές αποθέσεις ηλικίας Μειοκαίνου (Ακουιτάνιο) και στις κλαστικές αποθέσεις των υποθαλάσσιων ριπιδίων Ηωκαίνου και Ολιγοκαίνου, και στο ποσοστό συγκέντρωσής τους στις παλαιότερες ανθρακικές και σύγχρονες κλαστικές ακολουθίες της περιοχής Νεράιδας Θεσπρωτίας, καθώς επίσης και στην ερμηνεία των αποτελεσμάτων ως προς την ταυτοποίηση της πηγής προέλευσής τους. Η περιοχή μελέτης ανήκει στη λεκάνη Φιλιάτες-Παραμυθιάς Ηπείρου και αποτελεί τμήμα ενός εκ των φλυσχικών συγκλίνων, τα οποία αναπτύσσονται στη δυτική Ελλάδα μέσα στην Ιόνια ζώνη, εξαιτίας της δράσης των εσωτερικών επωθήσεων. Η υπαίθρια δειγματοληψία πραγματοποιήθηκε στην ανθρακική και κλαστική ακολουθία, με τη συλλογή 45 συνολικά δειγμάτων, εκ των οποίων 8 ήταν ασβεστολιθικά, 18 ψαμμιτικά, 18 πηλιτικά και 1 σύγχρονης ποτάμιας άμμου. Η περιγραφή των ιζηματολογικών ενοτήτων βασίστηκε σε βιβλιογραφικά δεδομένα των γύρω περιοχών, καθότι δεν πραγματοποιήθηκαν ιζηματολογικές και γεωχημικές αναλύσεις. Οι κλαστικές ακολουθίες ταξινομήθηκαν βάσει του γεωλογικού χάρτη του Ι.Γ.Μ.Ε. φύλλο Φιλιάτες 1962-63, 1:50.000, ως αποθέσεις του Ανώτερου Φλύσχη ηλικίας Ακουιτανίου και αποθέσεις του Φλύσχη των Αγ. Πάντων ηλικίας Ηωκαίνου-Ολιγοκαίνου. Στην κατεύθυνση της ραδιοχημικής έρευνας, πραγματοποιήθηκε μια σειρά από ραδιοχημικές αναλύσεις σε όλο των αριθμό των δειγμάτων, προκειμένου να εκτιμηθεί η συγκέντρωση ενεργότητας των φυσικών ραδιονουκλιδίων των ανθρακικών και κλαστικών ακολουθιών, με σκοπό να εντοπιστεί η πηγή προέλευσής τους και η δυνατότητα αποθήκευσής τους, στους συγκεκριμένους σχηματισμούς. Η μέτρηση της συγκέντρωσης ενεργότητας του 238U, 226Ra, 232Th, και 40K έγινε με τη μέθοδο της γ-φασματομετρίας, με τη χρήση υπερκάθαρου ανιχνευτή γερμανίου (HPGe) της Canberra. Ο κύριος στόχος αυτής της προσπάθειας, ήταν να διαπιστωθεί η ύπαρξη των φυσικών ραδιονουκλιδίων στην ανθρακική ακολουθία, καθώς και η συγκέντρωσή τους στην κλαστική ακολουθία, λόγω δευτερογενούς μετανάστευσής τους, από τις ήδη ταυτοποιημένες φωσφορούχες αποθέσεις των γειτονικών περιοχών. Η περιοχή μελέτης δεν εμφάνισε υπερβολικές τιμές συγκέντρωσης ενεργότητας φυσικών ραδιονουκλιδίων σε κανέναν από τους γεωλογικούς σχηματισμούς που ερευνήθηκαν. Η ανθρακική ακολουθία της περιοχής χαρακτηρίστηκε πολύ φτωχή στα υπό μελέτη φυσικά ραδιονουκλίδια, σε αντίθεση με την κλαστική ακολουθία, η οποία εμφάνισε γενικά αυξημένες τιμές συγκέντρωσης ενεργότητας φυσικών ραδιονουκλιδίων. Τέλος, βάσει των συγκεντρώσεων που εντοπίστηκαν στις σύγχρονες ποτάμιες προσχώσεις της περιοχής μελέτης, τα Τεταρτογενή ιζήματα της περιοχής χαρακτηρίστηκαν ως αρκετά εμπλουτισμένα, συμπεραίνοντας την ύπαρξη σύγχρονης τροφοδοσίας φυσικών ραδιονουκλιδίων μέσω οριζόντιων ρηγμάτων. Συμπεραίνοντας, οι κλαστικές ακολουθίες του Φλύσχη των Αγ. Πάντων, Ηωκαίνου και Ολιγοκαίνου και τα Τεταρτογενή ιζήματα της περιοχής, δεν χαρακτηρίζονται ως άμεσα προτεινόμενοι σχηματισμοί για τη χρήση αδρανών υλικών, ενώ προτείνεται εκτενέστερη μελέτη στους Τεταρτογενείς σχηματισμούς της Εξωτερικής Ιονίου. / The subject of postgraduate thesis «Natural radioactivity of clastic and carbonate sediments located eastern of Igoumenitsas area (Western Greece)» is dealing with the recognition, study and analysis of natural radioactivity of natural radionuclides U238, Th232, Ra226 και K40 in the Miocene (Aquitanian) clastic deposits, Eocene and Oligocene clastic deposits of the submarine fans and their concentration amount in the older carbonate and contemporary clastic sequences of the study area located in the village Neraida of Thesprotia. It also deals with the interpretation of results in terms of the identification of the source. The study area is located in the basin of Filiates-Paramithia of Epirus and constitutes a part of the flysch syclins, developed in Western Greece within the Ionian zone, due to the activity of internal thrusts. The sampling was accomplished in the carbonate and clastic sequences, with the collection of 45 rock samples: 8 limestones, 18 sandstones, 18 siltstones and 1 sample of contemporary fluvial sand. The sedimentological units description was based in bibliographical data, since sedimentological and geochemical analyses were not accomplished. The clastic sequences were classified based on the geological map of I.G.M.E. Filiates sheet 1962-63, 1:50.000, as Upper Flysch depotites Aquitanian ages and Ag. Panton Flysch deposites Eocene-Oligicene ages. Towards the radiochemical research a sequence of radiochemical analyzes were accomplished, in order to evaluate the activity concentration of natural radionuclides of carbonate and clastic sequences, with the aim of locating their source and the potential of their storage in these specific formations. The activity concentration measurement of 238U, 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K was carried out with gamma-spectometry method, using the High Purity Germanium detector (HPGe) of Canberra Company. The main aim of this effort was the establishment of the existence of the natural radionuclides in the carbonate sequence, as well as their concentration in the clastic sequence, due to their secondary migration from the already identified phosphatic deposits of the adjacent areas. None of the studied geological formations of the study area presented exaggerating activity concentration of natural radionuclides values. The carbonate sequence in terms of the studied natural radionuclides was characterized as quite poor, contrasting to the clastic sequence, which generally showed increasing activity concentration of natural radionuclides values. Finally, based on the concentrations traced in the contemporary fluvial deposits of the study area, the Quaternary sediments of the area were characterized as sufficiently enriched, concluding to the existence of contemporary source of natural radionuclides through horizontal faults. Concluding, the Eocene – Oligocene clastic sequences of Ag. Panton Flysch and the Quaternary sediments of the area, are not characterized as immediately preferred formations for the usage of aggregate materials, while additionally a more extensive research in the Quaternary formations of External Ionian Zone is suggested.

O estudo de arenitos, calcarenitos e arenitos híbridos do Cretáceo Inferior (Neo-Aptiano ao Meso-Albiano) da Bacia de Jequitinhonha, margem leste Brasileira, compreendendo depósitos continentais fluvio-deltaicos a lacustres da fase rifte, e fluvio-deltaicos costeiros e de plataforma mista siliciclástico-carbonática da fase transicional a drifte, demonstra que a distribuição das alterações diagenéticas e correspondente evolução da qualidade de reservatório podem ser preditas dentro de um contexto de estratigrafia de seqüências. Dados de poços (descrições de testemunhos e perfis elétricos), descrição petrográfica de laminas delgadas, e análises petrofísicas de porosidade e permeabilidade, foram integrados de modo a identificar e avaliar os aspectos genéticos dos parâmetros que controlam os padrões diagenéticos, e, por conseguinte, a qualidade de reservatório dos intervalos estudados. Os resultados desse estudo são relevantes para a exploração de bacias de margem passiva do tipo Atlântico. Foi demonstrada a influëncia de fatores deposicionais (i.e fácies sedimentares) e composição detrítica original (i.e. proveniência) na evolução diagenética, permitindo estimar e predizer a distribuição da qualidade e heterogeneidade de reservatório dos intervalos estudados. A integração dos dados e posterior avaliação da qualidade de reservatório desenvolvida nesse estudo foi baseada no conceito de petrofácies de reservatório, o qual consiste no agrupamento de amostras com base nos principais atributos responsáveis pela qualidade de reservatório, tais como composição primária, estruturas deposicionais, granulometria, seleção, alterações diagenéticas mais influentes na redução ou preservação da porosidade e permeabilidade originais, tipos e distribuição de poros, etc.. Essa dissertação demonstra que o conceito de petrofácies de reservatório que permite o reconhecimento sistemático dos atributos petrográficos que controlam as características (i.e. assinaturas) petrofísicas e geofísicas, bem como a redução dos riscos exploratórios. / A study of the fluvial, deltaic, and shallow-marine siliciclastic sandstones, calcarenites and hybrid arenites of Lower Cretaceous (Late Aptian to Early Albian) rift to early drift phase from the Jequitinhonha Basin, eastern Brazilian margin, reveals that the distribution of diagenetic alterations and of related reservoir quality evolution can be constrained within a sequence stratigraphic framework. Description of cores, wireline logs, thin sections, and petrophysical porosity and permeability analyses were integrated in order to unravel the genetic aspects that controlled the complex patterns of diagenesis of these rocks, and hence their reservoir quality evolution. The results of this study are relevant to the exploration of rift and an early drift phase of Atlantic-type passive margin basins, and demonstrate the influence of depositional factors such as sedimentary facies and detrital composition (provenance) on diagenetic and reservoir evolution, with application to the prediction of reservoir quality and heterogeneity during exploration. The data integration and reservoir quality assessment performed in this paper was accomplished using the concept of reservoir petrofacies, defined by the combination of the main attributes affecting the quality of petroleum reservoirs (such as depositional structures, textures, composition, diagenetic processes and products, pore types and distribution, etc.). This paper demonstrate that the reservoir petrofacies concept is a tool for the systematic recognition of the petrographic attributes that control the petrophysical and geophysical properties, as well as the practical use of this approach in reducing exploration risks.

O estudo de arenitos, calcarenitos e arenitos híbridos do Cretáceo Inferior (Neo-Aptiano ao Meso-Albiano) da Bacia de Jequitinhonha, margem leste Brasileira, compreendendo depósitos continentais fluvio-deltaicos a lacustres da fase rifte, e fluvio-deltaicos costeiros e de plataforma mista siliciclástico-carbonática da fase transicional a drifte, demonstra que a distribuição das alterações diagenéticas e correspondente evolução da qualidade de reservatório podem ser preditas dentro de um contexto de estratigrafia de seqüências. Dados de poços (descrições de testemunhos e perfis elétricos), descrição petrográfica de laminas delgadas, e análises petrofísicas de porosidade e permeabilidade, foram integrados de modo a identificar e avaliar os aspectos genéticos dos parâmetros que controlam os padrões diagenéticos, e, por conseguinte, a qualidade de reservatório dos intervalos estudados. Os resultados desse estudo são relevantes para a exploração de bacias de margem passiva do tipo Atlântico. Foi demonstrada a influëncia de fatores deposicionais (i.e fácies sedimentares) e composição detrítica original (i.e. proveniência) na evolução diagenética, permitindo estimar e predizer a distribuição da qualidade e heterogeneidade de reservatório dos intervalos estudados. A integração dos dados e posterior avaliação da qualidade de reservatório desenvolvida nesse estudo foi baseada no conceito de petrofácies de reservatório, o qual consiste no agrupamento de amostras com base nos principais atributos responsáveis pela qualidade de reservatório, tais como composição primária, estruturas deposicionais, granulometria, seleção, alterações diagenéticas mais influentes na redução ou preservação da porosidade e permeabilidade originais, tipos e distribuição de poros, etc.. Essa dissertação demonstra que o conceito de petrofácies de reservatório que permite o reconhecimento sistemático dos atributos petrográficos que controlam as características (i.e. assinaturas) petrofísicas e geofísicas, bem como a redução dos riscos exploratórios. / A study of the fluvial, deltaic, and shallow-marine siliciclastic sandstones, calcarenites and hybrid arenites of Lower Cretaceous (Late Aptian to Early Albian) rift to early drift phase from the Jequitinhonha Basin, eastern Brazilian margin, reveals that the distribution of diagenetic alterations and of related reservoir quality evolution can be constrained within a sequence stratigraphic framework. Description of cores, wireline logs, thin sections, and petrophysical porosity and permeability analyses were integrated in order to unravel the genetic aspects that controlled the complex patterns of diagenesis of these rocks, and hence their reservoir quality evolution. The results of this study are relevant to the exploration of rift and an early drift phase of Atlantic-type passive margin basins, and demonstrate the influence of depositional factors such as sedimentary facies and detrital composition (provenance) on diagenetic and reservoir evolution, with application to the prediction of reservoir quality and heterogeneity during exploration. The data integration and reservoir quality assessment performed in this paper was accomplished using the concept of reservoir petrofacies, defined by the combination of the main attributes affecting the quality of petroleum reservoirs (such as depositional structures, textures, composition, diagenetic processes and products, pore types and distribution, etc.). This paper demonstrate that the reservoir petrofacies concept is a tool for the systematic recognition of the petrographic attributes that control the petrophysical and geophysical properties, as well as the practical use of this approach in reducing exploration risks.