Rapid field-based assessment methods for classifying stream permanence in headwater streams are needed to accurately inform regulatory decisions regarding which streams are protected under the Clean Water Act. In North Carolina, a rapid field-based assessment method for identification of intermittent and perennial streams has been developed. The North Carolina Method (NC method) uses 26 attributes divided into three categories geomorphology, hydrology, and biology to assess a particular study reach's flow permanence. In this method, the attribute scores for a given study reach are totaled and the sum of the score is used to rank the reach as ephemeral, intermittent, or perennial. The study objective were to (1) evaluate the NC method's ability to classify the flow permanence of agricultural, low order, study reaches in Southern Illinois and (2) create empirical models that predict flow permanence at a given stream location. The results of the study show the NC method successfully differentiated ephemeral from intermittent and perennial study reaches 100% of the time. However, there was lower fidelity in differentiating between intermittent and perennial study reaches and correctly determined flow permanence 82% of the time. In two of the cases where the NC method categorized the streams incorrectly, the score was on the threshold between intermittent and ephemeral. If these study reaches were categorized during a drier period they may have scored correctly. These results suggest the NC method would be a strong foundation for the development of a rapid field-based assessment protocol method for Illinois. Regression models were developed to predict NC method scores using a variety of hydrologic, geomorphic, and land-cover metrics. Two statistically significant models (>95% confidence interval) for estimating NC method stream permanence scores were developed using these physical parameters. One of the significant regression models developed used watershed area alone as a predictor of the NC method stream permanence scores. The second significant regression model employed bankfull width, upslope surface-water area, and upslope area of grass lands. These models explained 61% and 69% of the variance in the NC method stream-permanence scores, respectively. While the regression models develop here are not capable of explicitly modeling stream-permanence class with a high degree of accuracy, they are useful for guiding stream-permanence study-site selection.

The Clean Water Act's §404 allows states to assume control of wetland dredge-and-fill permitting from the Federal Government. However, since the bill was passed in the 1970's, only two states have successfully assumed control of the permitting program. Each state that has looked into assumption has run into barriers, issues, and problems that have prevented them from successfully assuming the program. I interviewed people involved with assumption at different levels of involvement, and this thesis seeks to provide a conflict management design system that will help states overcome some of the most pernicious issues.

No description available.

I am researching the use of several stormwater techniques known to reduce runoff to provide future developers and municipal officials with tools to meet the stormwater post-construction runoff standards laid out in Phase II of the Clean Water Act. Specifically, I am looking at Smart Growth, Low Impact Development, Open Space Design, and Green Infrastructure. Phase II states that any new development or re-development equaling one acre or greater must be able to capture and infiltrate the first inch of rain to fall on site following 72 hours with no measurable precipitation. There is no one way to solve the problem of stormwater management; therefore we must implement an integrated approach which synthesizes these design theories to effectively manage stormwater. I used the La Rue site on Kingston Pike just before Cherokee Blvd. as a testing ground for my hypothesis. I will proceed with two design scenarios for this project. The first scenario encompasses designing the site as if it were in the pre development stages. I will keep the same building square footage, but rearrange the footprints in a more efficient layout for stormwater management. The second scenario will be a retrofit of the site to comply with Phase II standards. Though it is not a current requirement of Phase II, many professionals believe in the coming years the EPA will require the retrofit of existing developments to meet these standards. In this scenario, the building footprints will remain exactly as they are but any other features will be malleable (infrastructure, vegetation, grading, etc.). Another component in this thesis will be to determine which design theories are best suited to each scenario. My pre-investigation belief is that for the pre-development scenario, I will be able to implement parts of all four theories. For the retrofit, I believe that I will be limited mostly to Low Impact Development and Green Infrastructure. Though, it is possible that I may still be able to fit in some principles of the Smart Growth and Open Space Design (reduce impervious footprints, reduce road widths, etc.).

Magister Administrationis - MAdmin / The research investigates the reason why service delivery is slow and not enough or just not available in many areas. It highlights the problems that hamper progress toward achieving service delivery. Some of the problems discussed are: (a) The non-availability of enabling legislation to enable the state department to carry out their projects and plans, including the difficulty of implementing policy. While the government is quick to announce that it is going to achieve certain goals, it does not follow through to achieve these goals. (b) Some of the government ministers are unwilling to bring about a speedy recovery because- (1) they are busy building their own images and wealth; and (2) most of all are party loyalists whose hands are tied by the socialist ideology. While the ministers preach about how successful they are in providing basic services to the people, the very same people we are told are served, are complaining that the government is not doing enough to address the problems that affect the poor. In more cases than one, the situation of the people has remained the same as if they were living during the old apartheid days.

No description available.

Neoliberalism, as the influence of economic considerations within the political process, has impacted environmentalism on a variety of levels. Without regulation, the neoliberal capitalist drive to maximize production, consumption, and profits is antagonistic to environmental sustainability. The influences that corporations and economic elites have within modern democracies holds substantial implications for the rigor and enforcement of environmental policies. Particular to the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency offers numerous illustrations of neoliberal influence within its history and policy practices. These influences inevitably impact the Agency's ability to accomplish the goals of their mission and purpose statements. As seen through regulations such as the Clean Water Act, neoliberal pressure has altered the priorities of government on a federal level to prioritize economic well-being over that of other social goods, such as environmental protection. The Clean Water Act prioritizes economic profitability over environmental protection through cap and trade policies, such as NPDES permits, and legitimizes pollution-causing behavior through TMDLs. Further, the act was weakened by neoliberal forces with the non-point source exemption created for the sake of avoiding economic harm to large industries and its shortcomings are visible within many of the nation's waterways, including the Chesapeake Bay. Through a case study, this project demonstrates how the neoliberal influences impacting the Environmental Protection Agency has resonated in its policies, like in the abilities of the Clean Water Act to sufficiently clean-up the Chesapeake Bay within its proposed timeline. / Master of Arts

Although sediment is a natural component of stream ecosystems, excess sediment presents a threat to natural freshwater ecosystems. Sediment management is complicated because sediment can be dissolved in the water column, suspended as particles in the water column, or rest on the bottom of the stream bed, and can move between these forms (e.g. bedded sediment can be resuspended). Each form of sediment affects aquatic life in a specific way. To manage stream sediment in a way that protects aquatic life, we need to understand the ways different forms of sediment affect living things, and we need to be able to predict how sediment changes form under different stream conditions (for example, during high water events). To improve our understanding of these things, the studies in this dissertation set out to: (1) identify how often sediment is specifically mentioned as the primary pollutant “stressor” of the benthic macroinvertebrate community (primarily aquatic insects); (2) determine which forms of sediment have the largest negative impacts on aquatic insects in Virginia and what levels of sediment may cause harm; and (3) measure the changes of sediment between suspended and bedded forms in a small stream to provide information needed to restore the health of stream ecosystems. An inventory of published US Clean Water Act Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) reports, which states write to identify their impaired waters and their plans to improve those waters, revealed that sediment is an important stressor in over 70% of waters that have altered aquatic insect communities. If the language used to describe how waters are evaluated and what is causing the impairments were standardized among states, data collected under the Clean Water Act could be more broadly used to help understand water quality issues and ways to address them. Analysis of 10 years of Virginia Department of Environmental Quality sediment and aquatic insect community data collected within 5 ecoregions of the state indicates that a combination of 9 sediment parameters reflecting dissolved, suspended, and bedded forms explains between 20.2% and 76.4% of the variability in the health of the aquatic insect community within these regions. Embeddedness, which measures how much larger particles such as gravel and cobble are buried by finer particles like sand; and conductivity, which is a measure of dissolved salts in the water column, both have substantial impacts on the aquatic insect community. Sensitivity thresholds for embeddedness and conductivity indicate the levels of these parameters above which 5% of insect families are absent from a stream; therefore, these levels are considered protective of 95% of the insect community. Thresholds for embeddedness are 68% for the 5 combined ecoregions, 65% for the Mountain bioregion (comprised of Central Appalachian, Ridge and Valley, and Blue Ridge ecoregions), and 88% for the Piedmont bioregion (comprised of Northern Piedmont and Piedmont ecoregions). Thresholds for conductivity are 366 µS/cm for combined ecoregions, 391 µS/cm for the Mountain bioregion, and 136 µS/cm for the Piedmont bioregion. These thresholds can be used by water quality professionals to identify waters with sediment impairments and can be used to help identify appropriate stream restoration goals. A study of sediment movement within the channel of a small stream indicated average transport speeds of ~ 0.21 m/s during floods with peak flows of ~ 55 L/s. The use of rare earth elements (REE) to trace sediment particles revealed individual particle transport distances ranging from 0 m to >850 m. Deposition on a unit area basis was greater in the stream channel than on the floodplain, and the movement of sediment from the stream bed to the water column and back again during sequential floods was evident. Approximately 80% of the tracer was deposited within the first 66 m of the reach. This information can aid the development of models that predict the impact of stream restoration practices on in-stream habitat and improve predictions on the time it will take between the initiation of stream restoration projects and when we see improvements in the biological community. / PHD / Although sediment is a natural component of stream ecosystems, excess sediment presents a threat to natural freshwater ecosystems. Sediment management is complicated because sediment can be dissolved in the water column, suspended as particles in the water column, or rest on the bottom of the stream bed, and can move between these forms (e.g. bedded sediment can be resuspended). Each form of sediment affects aquatic life in a specific way. To manage stream sediment in a way that protects aquatic life, we need to understand the ways different forms of sediment affect living things, and we need to be able to predict how sediment changes form under different stream conditions (for example, during high water events). To improve our understanding of these things, the studies in this dissertation set out to: (1) identify how often sediment is specifically mentioned as the primary pollutant “stressor” of the benthic macroinvertebrate community (primarily aquatic insects); (2) determine which forms of sediment have the largest negative impacts on aquatic insects in Virginia and what levels of sediment may cause harm; and (3) measure the changes of sediment between suspended and bedded forms in a small stream to provide information needed to restore the health of stream ecosystems. An inventory of published US Clean Water Act Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) reports, which states write to identify their impaired waters and their plans to improve those waters, revealed that sediment is an important stressor in over 70% of waters that have altered aquatic insect communities. If the language used to describe how waters are evaluated and what is causing the impairments were standardized among states, data collected under the Clean Water Act could be more broadly used to help understand water quality issues and ways to address them. Analysis of 10 years of Virginia Department of Environmental Quality sediment and aquatic insect community data collected within 5 ecoregions of the state indicates that a combination of 9 sediment parameters reflecting dissolved, suspended, and bedded forms explains between 20.2% and 76.4% of the variability in the health of the aquatic insect community within these regions. Embeddedness, which measures how much larger particles such as gravel and cobble are buried by finer particles like sand; and conductivity, which is a measure of dissolved salts in the water column, both have substantial impacts on the aquatic insect community. Sensitivity thresholds for embeddedness and conductivity indicate the levels of these parameters above which 5% of insect families are absent from a stream; therefore, these levels are considered protective of 95% of the insect community. Thresholds for embeddedness are 68% for the 5 combined ecoregions, 65% for the Mountain bioregion (comprised of Central Appalachian, Ridge and Valley, and Blue Ridge ecoregions), and 88% for the Piedmont bioregion (comprised of Northern Piedmont and Piedmont ecoregions). Thresholds for conductivity are 366 µS/cm for combined ecoregions, 391 µS/cm for the Mountain bioregion, and 136 µS/cm for the Piedmont bioregion. These thresholds can be used by water quality professionals to identify waters with sediment impairments and can be used to help identify appropriate stream restoration goals. A study of sediment movement within the channel of a small stream indicated average transport speeds of ~ 0.21 m/s during floods with peak flows of ~ 55 L/s. The use of rare earth elements (REE) to trace sediment particles revealed individual particle transport distances ranging from 0 m to >850 m. Deposition on a unit area basis was greater in the stream channel than on the floodplain, and the movement of sediment from the stream bed to the water column and back again during sequential floods was evident. Approximately 80% of the tracer was deposited within the first 66 m of the reach. This information can aid the development of models that predict the impact of stream restoration practices on in-stream habitat and improve predictions on the time it will take between the initiation of stream restoration projects and when we see improvements in the biological community.

Student Number : 0104363F - MSc research report - School of Architecture and Planning - Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment / South Africa is a constitutional state. The constitution is the supreme law of the country (RSA, 1996). Any of the state laws, policies and programmes that are inconsistent with the constitution are invalid, thus they have no legitimate standing. In the preamble of its constitution, the post apartheid South Africa sworn itself as a country recognising the past injustices, hence planning for the society based on social justices, in order to improving the quality of life of all citizens and free the potential of each person. The Bill of Rights is a cornerstone of democracy in South Africa, as it encompasses all human rights, especially socioeconomic rights, whose fulfilment will contribute towards realisation of equal and united society based on social justice. However, the post apartheid South African government adopted a Free Basic Water policy as a way of adhering to the constitutional requirements of ensuring that everyone has the right to sufficient water. Access to clean sufficient water has been identified as a crucial requirement for Care and Prevention to the HIV/AIDS affected households. In the midst of socioeconomic inequalities, scarce water resources and high HIV/AIDS prevalence confronting the post apartheid South Africa today, the Free Basic Water policy guarantees every household of eight; irrespective of its socioeconomic status and health concerns, 6kl/6000 litres of water every month free. The local government has been blamed for not being responsive these special water needs of the poor HIV/AIDS households, especially in townships areas, where water is mostly provided on cost-recovery. However, little attention has been paid on the difficulty faced by the local government authorities in this regard. The report argue for a need of collaboration between planners and others major stakeholders, to come up with group-conscious water policy that will guide for planning of a society based on social justice. However, the research recommends that this policy should not only be guided by / concerned with justice and fairness in the distribution of basic needs of the society with special needs. More important, this new policy should be fair, thus account for the sustainability of the water resources, since South Africa is regarded as water-scarce country.

High frequency water quality monitoring presents unique and unlimited opportunities of exploring spatio-temporal variation in water quality. Knowledge gained from analyzing high frequency water quality data can provide more clarity regarding transportation and processing of water constituents over time and space and scale. This study analyzes high frequency discharge, nitrate load and concentration data for three watersheds of different sizes - Cedar River Watershed, North Raccoon and Middle Raccoon. Each of these sites were monitored for 2-3 calendar years. Sudden spikes in discharge, nitrate concentration and load data, also defined as "events" were analyzed in great detail to understand the patterns in event occurrence and event intensity. Smaller watersheds seemed to have sharper and "flashier" events compared to bigger watersheds. Nitrate concentration events were flatter in shape compared to discharge and nitrogen load events. The relationship between nitrogen concentration and discharge was found to be varying over time, unlike the relationship between nitrate load and discharge, which were almost perfectly correlated for most site-year combinations. Based on more than 40,000 simulations, it was determined that high frequency water quality sampling is not only efficient in capturing minute spatio-temporal variations but can also capture nitrate exceedances to a greater degree. High frequency sampling was also associated with higher yield ratio in nitrate load estimates, not only during high flow periods, but also during the non-high-flow period.