Engineering effective knowledge exchange pathways between scientists and clinicians will accelerate the development and improvement of clinical treatments extracted from lab bench experiments. Many standards development organizations in the field of translational research informatics have attempted to prescribe mechanisms which would provide these knowledge exchange pathways; however, concrete implementations of these standards and the software structures which support them are still lacking. We have explored key technologies and techniques which may facilitate knowledge exchange through clinical coding, a domain specific version of the more general technique of semantic annotation. During the development process we identified and provided potential solutions to four primary problem areas in engineering software enabled knowledge exchange pathways for translational research: architecture, terminology, validation and interface design. We provide both a technical and practical evaluation of a multicomponent architecture which was conceived as a mechanism for producing knowledge exchange pathways between researchers in the field of cancer informatics; however, the principles and process which we apply to cancer informatics could easily be applied to other areas of clinical informatics.

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No / Survey results from 161 respondents trained in dementia care mapping (DCM) in the United States and United Kingdom (82 and 79 respondents, respectively) addressed the following: (a) To what extent are mappers using DCM? (b) How satisfied are mappers with DCM? (c) What affect does DCM have on mappers' attitudes toward their dementia practice? and (d) What challenges are encountered by mappers in the use of DCM? METHOD: Analyses using odds ratios were used to make international and training-level (basic vs. advanced) comparisons. RESULTS: Differences across countries were found in use of DCM and lack of satisfaction using DCM codes. Similarities were found with positive affects of DCM on attitudes and lack of time for DCM. DISCUSSION: Differences in mappers' experiences and perceptions exist across the two countries, warranting increased attention to the cultural contexts within which mappers are situated and how these affect the implementation of DCM within a country.