This study examines the spatial evolution of the Eastern Pacific halibut fishery over the period 1888-1972 in terms of resource exploitation and vessel-port interaction and attempts to delineate the factors which brought about the observed patterns. Four distinct stages of development are identified: (1) a stage of spatial confinement and resource depletion characterized by corporate involvement and restricted vessel range, (2) a stage of spatial extension, company fleet decline, and independent fleet expansion, (3) a stage of spatial adjustment, quota control, and extreme competition, (4) a stage of further spatial extension, fleet decline, and maximum sustained yields. The spatial structure of the industry at each stage of development is shown to be a function of resource availability, fishing costs, and changes in halibut fleet behavior. The time-cost-distance factor between producing grounds and the landing/processing sector of the industry proved to be a critical factor in a fishery that was characterized by increased competition for annual quotas. Conceptual models of the industry's spatial structure have been developed to portray the major changes which occurred from one stage to the next. These in turn are further developed to conceptualize the evolution of the halibut fishery over the 1888-1972 period. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

Fission track dating of zircon and apatite has been used to determine the Cenozoic uplift history of the British Columbia Coast Mountains from 50°-55°N. 115 dates were obtained from rocks of variable geographic location and altitude, and the resulting date pattern constrains the movement and deformation of the fission track retention isotherms (175°C for zircon, 105°C for apatite) within the crust. Because date-altitude correlations (apparent uplift rates) cannot always be used confidently to estimate actual rates of uplift, a finite difference numerical scheme was formulated to construct models of heat flow, uplift, denudation, and cooling that satisfy not only fission track dates, but also present heat flow, other isotopic dates, geologic considerations, and fission track-derived estimates of paleo-geothermal gradient. In most cases, apparent uplift rates derived from apatite date-altitude correlations are very close to modeled rates of uplift. Zircon-derived apparent rates, however, often exceed modeled rates and reflect post-orogenic cooling a,nd relaxation of isotherms. The relationship of the movement of isotherms to rates of uplift and fission track-derived apparent uplift rates is quantified and discussed. Orogenic rapid cooling and uplift occurred from Cretaceous to Eocene time in most of the Coast Mountains. Rates during orogenic uplift were near 1.0 km/Ma, causing setting of K-Ar clocks in biotite and hornblende. Uplift rates during the middle Cenozoic ranged from 0.2 km/Ma in the axial region of the mountains between 52° and 55°N to less than 0.1 km/Ma south of 52°N. The moderate rates north of 52°N were likely the result of gradual erosion of crust thickened during Eocene orogeny. A thermal origin for this northern uplift is not likely. Rates of uplift south of 52°N were low despite arc-related volcanic activity during the Oligocene and Miocene. Accelerated uplift in the Late Miocene near Bella Coola-Ocean Falls was probably the result of passage of the transverse Anahim Volcanic Belt or hotspot beneath the area about 10 Ma ago, after which uplift slowed. Rapid Pliocene-Recent uplift south of 52°N at rates of up to 0.75 km/Ma elevated a broad region creating the present southern Coast Mountains and deforming 7-10 Ma lavas erupted on the mountains' east flank. It is suggested that this uplift resulted from thermal expansion in the mantle related to a westward jump in the locus of late Neogene arc volcanism. The extent of this rapid Pliocene-Recent uplift correlates with the area above the Juan de Fuca-Explorer subducted slab and confirms a relation between continental uplift and plate tectonic setting. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

I propose to design a fish market in Puerto Real, a fishing village in the West Coast of the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico. Being the most important fishing village in the island and fishing being the principal economic activity of this town, this fish market takes the place of a social and cultural center for residents and visitors of the village. The materials and the modern architectural design of the building evoke and interpret the vernacular and picturesque architecture of the structures around town. The location in the water of the fish market pays tribute to the natural resources of the village as well as fulfills the needs of the fishermen and customers to perform their daily activities in the market. The activity around the market becomes a spatial experience that begins with the open plaza that diffuses in the metal structure bridge which ends in the concrete base tower that visually connects the town with the water and the people with the market. The metal and concrete base structure, as well as the white fabric roof of the market, complete the architectural experience and transform this space into the Center of a Little Town. / Master of Architecture

After compiling an appropriate list of beach criteria from established award programs and experts, the research landscape architect observed the Virginia Beach Resort Zone for areas of intense beach user activity.  The resulting analysis of these "hot-spots" indicated that urban resort beach users visiting the recreational beach during high-use times tended to gravitate toward locations on the resort beach which were close to three needs:  public parking, public restrooms, and inexpensive refreshments.  This pattern shows the apparent preferences of many beach users for certain amenities. / Master of Landscape Architecture

Hurricanes strike the coast along the Gulf of Mexico and eastern seaboard of the United States annually. With each hurricane that makes landfall there is potential for significant damage and destruction with the majority of coastal devastation occurring from storm surge. It is accepted that hurricane strength, classified byt the Saffir-Simpson scale, and storm surge height are directly proportional. However, this scale my prove to be a false representation of surge height, especially according to location of landfall. This study will discuss the correlation between category 2, and greater, hurricanes and corresponding storm surge heights between the Gulf Coast and Atlantic coast. Through this research it shows that there is a variation in storm surge height between regions, concluding that the Gulf Coast is prone to higher surge heights than the Atlantic for like-category storms.

A total of 627 echinoderm species (12 crinoids, 185 asteroids, 185 ophiuroids, 95 echinoids and 150 holothuroids) are known from the shallow and deep waters between southern California and southern Peru, and an up-to-date classification scheme is given for them. Distribution tables provide detailed presence-absence data for latitudinal increments, geographic range endpoints, depth ranges, and substrate associations of each species. Annotated lists of all species include relevant synonyms and mistaken records as well as literature citations used for both lists and distribution tables. A species-level biogeographic analysis shows that echinoderm provinces conform to those generally observed for other marine taxa, including mollusks, crustaceans and fishes. Based on cluster analysis and more traditional approaches (using species richness, faunal turnover and faunal composition), overall faunal similarity of the shelf echinoderms is very high between 23°N and 4°S, in the tropical Panamic province. There is a northern warm-temperate fauna (California province) between Pt. Conception, California and Pt. Eugenio, Baja California that also extends into lower Baja and the Gulf of California. Warm-temperate elements in the subtropical Gulf of California distinguish it from the tropics, and it is recognized as a faunal province in spite of its low endemism. Echinoderm endemism is unusually high in the Galapagos province and is attributed to the wide habitat diversity and isolation of the archipelago. There is no evidence for a Mexican province, but there is evidence for a distinction between the tropics to the north and south of Costa Rica/Panama. Transition zones (especially in Panama and southern California) often have high species richness, increased habitat diversity, and a number of endemic species. The warm-water eastern Pacific genera are most closely related to those of the west Atlantic tropics, but very few species are shared between the regions. Trans-Pacific species in the CEP are widespread throughout the region. A confinement of Indo-Pacific species to offshore CEP islands is only seen at Clipperton Island, the lone coral atoll of the eastern Pacific.

Black rockfish (Sebastes melanops) is an important marine recreational species throughout the Pacific Northwest. Recent catch data indicate a trend of age-truncation in the black rockfish population off the Oregon coast, with older females rapidly disappearing from the population. In populations with broad age distributions, older fish may contribute disproportionately to larval production through a variety of mechanisms. Thus, the removal of older age classes through fishing may impact the population far beyond the simple loss of biomass. We tested the hypothesis that older females produce higher quality offspring, or offspring otherwise more capable of survival, than those from younger females. Mature female black rockfish of various ages were captured live and held until parturition. Larvae were then reared under identical conditions to compare performance in terms of growth, starvation, and mortality. Results indicate that older females produce offspring that grow faster in both length and weight, survive longer in the absence of an exogenous food supply, and exhibit lower mortality rates than offspring from younger mothers. This difference in larval performance may be explained by the relatively greater amount of endogenous energy reserves present in the oil globules of offspring from older mothers. Larval oil globule volume at parturition was significantly related to all larval performance factors and was strongly correlated with maternal age. Given the difference in larval quality, it is critical for the management of black rockfish, and possibly other species as well, that these older individuals not be addressed solely in terms of biomass, but their relative reproductive contribution and the repercussions of their removal from the population be considered. / Graduation date: 2004

This ethnography describes RV [recreational vehicle] seasonal migration as an adaptive, transhumant strategy. The study population is retired, transhumant migrants, who are members of a nation-wide, membership camping organization. Fieldwork was conducted over a period of seven months at two sites located on the West Coast. These sites reflect northern and southern locations corresponding to seasonal migration patterns. Standard scholarly orientations to the study of retired RV seasonal migrants manifest ethnocentrism and a tendency to stereotype RVers as amenity-migrants. An original and primary objective of the present study was to reach beyond these conceptualizations and popularized images through first-hand, descriptive accounts collected within the context of the culture. This research expands on two existing studies focusing on social and cultural aspects of RV seasonal migration. In contrast to these accounts, the present study provides cultural description of the daily life of retired RVers focusing on the distinctive ways that members of this subculture express mainstream American cultural values underlying their adaptive strategies. This study proposes an alternative conceptualization of RV seasonal migration, derived from the culture itself. The conclusion is that these adaptive strategies reflect patterns of social organization, patterns of resource management, and patterns of social, familial, and interpersonal relationships, that are congruent with mainstream American cultural values of self-reliant individualism, equality, and material comfort; values that have historical, philosophical roots in the Protestant Work Ethic. The RVers' identity derives from maintaining membership in a temporary, fluid, mobile community. They have cohesive social networks with well-defined boundaries, which they defend against threats to group identity. This study contributes to an understanding of what RV seasonal migration means to the participants themselves, and by extension, to their families, to communities, and to our aging society. / Graduation date: 1996

Differences in primary production and periphyton and macroinvertebrate biomass between pairs of constrained (valley floor width of less than twice the active channel width) and unconstrained reaches were investigated in Elk River and four tributaries in southwest Oregon. In August 1991, macroinvertebrates were sampled from individual cobbles, and rocks were collected to determine periphyton biomass. In August 1992, gross primary production was estimated in the four tributaries using closed, non-circulating chambers. Unconstrained reaches received approximately twice as much direct solar radiation (measured with a Solar Pathfinder) as constrained reaches. Gross primary production in unconstrained reaches was double that of constrained reaches. Periphyton biomass did not differ between reach types. Total macroinvertebrate biomass was 38% greater in unconstrained reaches, where scraper biomass was 2.4 times that of constrained reaches. When regressed across streams, gross primary production, macroinvertebrate biomass, and scraper biomass were positively associated with solar radiation. Greater solar radiation in unconstrained reaches is the most apparent causal mechanism for greater gross primary production, which in turn may cause greater macroinvertebrate biomass in unconstrained reaches. Greater invertebrate consumption in unconstrained reaches may limit periphyton accrual, keeping standing crops at levels similar to those found in constrained reaches. When identifying variables that shape biotic communities and determine productive potential, channel constraint is important. / Graduation date: 1994

Not available / text