Many chemicals used in everyday personal care products are today amongst the most commonly detected compounds in surface waters throughout the world. Collectively referred to as micropollutants, they include paraben preservatives, organic UV filters, alkylphenols, triclosan, and bisphenol-A. Micropollutants enter the aquatic environment predominantly via wastewater discharges. To date there has been only limited assessments on their presence and impacts in coastal environments. The wastewater treatment plants in Lyttelton, Governors Bay, and Diamond Harbour were found to discharge micropollutants into Whakaraupo Harbour. Similarly, the sewage effluents of the Antarctic research stations Scott Base and McMurdo Station were found to discharge micropollutants into Erebus Bay. Strong seasonal changes in the Whakaraupo effluent concentrations were observed, with concentrations higher in winter than in summer. Concentrations fluctuated greatly in Scott Base, reaching concentrations higher than have been previously reported internationally. The nine most commonly detected analytes were octylphenol, 4-MBC, BP-3, BP-1, triclosan, methyl triclosan, bisphenol-A, estrone, and coprostanol. The marine environments in Whakaraupo Harbour and Erebus Bay were found to be similarly impacted. The most commonly detected micropollutants in seawater in Whakaraupo Harbour were mParaben, 4-MBC, BP-3, OMC, bisphenol-A, and estrone. The marine sediments in Whakaraupo Harbour accumulated mParaben, octylphenol, 4-MBC, BP-3, BP-1, bisphenol-A, OMC, estrone, and coprostanol, while mussels bioaccumulated mParaben, octylphenol, and BP-3. The same range of micropollutants were detected in seawater throughout Erebus Bay, including the reference sites. Marine biota (clams, urchins, and fish), including those from the reference site, were shown to readily bioaccumulate mParaben, pParaben, octylphenol, BP-3, E2, EE2, and coprostanol. A much larger coastal area of Antarctica and New Zealand is therefore impacted than was previously thought. Photodegradation was identified as an important environmental degradation pathway for micropollutants. mParaben, BPA, EE2, and BP-3 are highly photo-stable, while triclosan and OP readily photodegrade. The low temperature and irradiance conditions in Antarctica were modelled to investigate their potential environmental persistence. Field measurements suggest the model may underestimate the photodegradation potential of some micropollutants.

Neste trabalho foram analisados sedimentos marinhos de três praias da Baía de Guanabara (praia de São Bento e praia da Bica, na Ilha do Governador, e praia de São Francisco, em Niterói), Rio de Janeiro, para avaliar a presença de microplásticos (fragmentos plásticos com tamanho ≤ 5 mm) nestes ambientes. Os detritos plásticos visíveis (macroplástico) foram separados dos sedimentos manualmente e pesados. Os detritos plásticos não visíveis foram separados por densidade com solução saturada de cloreto de sódio. Os fragmentos plásticos obtidos com a separação por densidade foram caracterizados por microscopia óptica para avaliar forma e superfície, e foram classificados e quantificados em função de seu tamanho. Os fragmentos microplásticos foram separados e caracterizados por espectrometria de absorção na região do infravermelho por reflexão atenuada (ATR FT IR). Os espectros obtidos foram comparados com espectros padrão de polímeros. As três praias se apresentam contaminadas com lixo macroplástico e com lixo microplástico. Na praia da Bica, foram coletados 173 fragmentos, dos quais 73% são microplásticos. Na praia de São Bento foram 81 fragmentos e na praia de São Francisco foram 73 fragmentos, dos quais 70% e 86%, respectivamente, são microplásticos. Nas três praias foram encontrados fragmentos microplásticos de poliestireno expandido. Nas praias da Bica e de São Bento foram encontrados fragmentos de polietileno; nas praias de São Bento e São Francisco foram encontrados fragmentos microplásticos de polipropileno. O descarte irregular de lixo e atividades industriais e comerciais no entorno da baía podem ser apontados como possíveis fontes contaminantes / In this study samples of sediment of three beaches of Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, (São Bento beach and Bica beach, in Ilha do Governador and São Francisco beach, in Niterói) were analyzed to investigate the contamination with microplastics (plastic fragments ≤ 5 mm). Samples of sediment were examined by naked eye to sort items of plastic debris from other materials. After separation plastic items were weighted. Non visible plastic debris were separated from sediments by density difference applying a concentrated saline NaCℓ solution. Plastic fragments picked up from supernatant were characterized by optical microscopy to analyze morphology and classified in size fractions. From sediments of Bica beach were collected 173 plastic fragments and 73% of them were microplastic. In São Bento beach were collected 81 fragments and in São Francisco beach were collected 73 fragments, from which 70% and 86%, respectively, were microplastic. The three beaches are contaminated with both microplastic and macroplastic. Microplastic fragments were characterized by ATR FT IR. Expanded polystyrene microplastic fragments were found in sediments of the three beaches. Polyethylene microplastic fragments were found in sediments of Bica and São Bento beaches and polypropylene microplastic fragments were found in sediments of São Bento and São Francisco beaches. Littering, illegal-dumping and industrial activities are possible sources of microplastic contamination of Guanabara Bay

Neste trabalho foram analisados sedimentos marinhos de três praias da Baía de Guanabara (praia de São Bento e praia da Bica, na Ilha do Governador, e praia de São Francisco, em Niterói), Rio de Janeiro, para avaliar a presença de microplásticos (fragmentos plásticos com tamanho ≤ 5 mm) nestes ambientes. Os detritos plásticos visíveis (macroplástico) foram separados dos sedimentos manualmente e pesados. Os detritos plásticos não visíveis foram separados por densidade com solução saturada de cloreto de sódio. Os fragmentos plásticos obtidos com a separação por densidade foram caracterizados por microscopia óptica para avaliar forma e superfície, e foram classificados e quantificados em função de seu tamanho. Os fragmentos microplásticos foram separados e caracterizados por espectrometria de absorção na região do infravermelho por reflexão atenuada (ATR FT IR). Os espectros obtidos foram comparados com espectros padrão de polímeros. As três praias se apresentam contaminadas com lixo macroplástico e com lixo microplástico. Na praia da Bica, foram coletados 173 fragmentos, dos quais 73% são microplásticos. Na praia de São Bento foram 81 fragmentos e na praia de São Francisco foram 73 fragmentos, dos quais 70% e 86%, respectivamente, são microplásticos. Nas três praias foram encontrados fragmentos microplásticos de poliestireno expandido. Nas praias da Bica e de São Bento foram encontrados fragmentos de polietileno; nas praias de São Bento e São Francisco foram encontrados fragmentos microplásticos de polipropileno. O descarte irregular de lixo e atividades industriais e comerciais no entorno da baía podem ser apontados como possíveis fontes contaminantes / In this study samples of sediment of three beaches of Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, (São Bento beach and Bica beach, in Ilha do Governador and São Francisco beach, in Niterói) were analyzed to investigate the contamination with microplastics (plastic fragments ≤ 5 mm). Samples of sediment were examined by naked eye to sort items of plastic debris from other materials. After separation plastic items were weighted. Non visible plastic debris were separated from sediments by density difference applying a concentrated saline NaCℓ solution. Plastic fragments picked up from supernatant were characterized by optical microscopy to analyze morphology and classified in size fractions. From sediments of Bica beach were collected 173 plastic fragments and 73% of them were microplastic. In São Bento beach were collected 81 fragments and in São Francisco beach were collected 73 fragments, from which 70% and 86%, respectively, were microplastic. The three beaches are contaminated with both microplastic and macroplastic. Microplastic fragments were characterized by ATR FT IR. Expanded polystyrene microplastic fragments were found in sediments of the three beaches. Polyethylene microplastic fragments were found in sediments of Bica and São Bento beaches and polypropylene microplastic fragments were found in sediments of São Bento and São Francisco beaches. Littering, illegal-dumping and industrial activities are possible sources of microplastic contamination of Guanabara Bay

O lixo marinho é um problema discutido desde a década de 1970, quando cientistas começaram a observar e quantificar materiais diversos nos mares e costas de alguns países, como por exemplo os plásticos. Nessa categoria se encontram os pellets de plástico, que constituem a matéria-prima de base para a produção da indústria mundial de insumos plásticos. Desde então o tema é tratado entre as formas de poluição marinha e costeira mais observadas. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no litoral do Estado de São Paulo (Brasil), na qual se avaliou a presença de pellets e os mecanismos de sua distribuição, realizada em duas etapas: a primeira, em 55 praias de 15 municípios entre o Litoral Norte, a Baixada Santista e o Litoral Sul. A segunda, em 9 praias da Região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista. Pesquisa bibliográfica, documental, trabalhos de campo e de laboratório formaram as etapas da investigação, para a qual foram usados métodos de amostragem. Os resultados obtidos levaram à conclusão da maior concentração de pellets nas praias próximas às áreas consideradas pelo estudo como fontes emissoras do material no mar, como as zonas portuárias / industriais de São Sebastião, Santos e a de Paranaguá (Paraná). Ao longo das praias, foi constatado que os eventos extremos de ressacas / marés meteorológicas são os principais responsáveis pela distribuição dos pellets de plástico nas praias. A principal contribuição do trabalho foi a inclusão da temática da poluição costeira nos estudos de Geografia do Litoral, uma demanda desafiadora para a Geografia brasileira. / Marine debris is an issue discussed since the 1970s, when scientists began to observe and quantify different materials in the seas and coastlines of some countries, such as plastics. In this category are the plastic pellets, which are the basic raw material for the production of plastics industry worldwide inputs. Since then the issue is treated between forms of marine pollution and more coastal observed. The research was conducted in the São Paulo state coast (Brazil), in which it evaluated the presence of pellets and the mechanisms of its distribution, carried out in two stages: the first, on 55 beaches in 15 municipalities across the North Coast, the Baixada Santista and the South Coast. The second, on 9 beaches of Baixada Santista. Bibliographical research, documental, field work and laboratory formed the stages of the investigation, for which sampling methods were used. The results led to the conclusion of the higher concentration of pellets at the nearby beaches to areas considered by the study as sources emitting material at sea, such as port / industrial areas of São Sebastião, Santos and Paranaguá (Paraná). Along the beaches, it was found that extreme storm surge events are mainly responsible for the distribution of plastic pellets on beaches. The main contribution of this study was the inclusion of the issue of coastal pollution in the studies of Geography of the Coastline, a challenging demand for Brazilian Geography.

O lixo marinho é um problema discutido desde a década de 1970, quando cientistas começaram a observar e quantificar materiais diversos nos mares e costas de alguns países, como por exemplo os plásticos. Nessa categoria se encontram os pellets de plástico, que constituem a matéria-prima de base para a produção da indústria mundial de insumos plásticos. Desde então o tema é tratado entre as formas de poluição marinha e costeira mais observadas. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no litoral do Estado de São Paulo (Brasil), na qual se avaliou a presença de pellets e os mecanismos de sua distribuição, realizada em duas etapas: a primeira, em 55 praias de 15 municípios entre o Litoral Norte, a Baixada Santista e o Litoral Sul. A segunda, em 9 praias da Região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista. Pesquisa bibliográfica, documental, trabalhos de campo e de laboratório formaram as etapas da investigação, para a qual foram usados métodos de amostragem. Os resultados obtidos levaram à conclusão da maior concentração de pellets nas praias próximas às áreas consideradas pelo estudo como fontes emissoras do material no mar, como as zonas portuárias / industriais de São Sebastião, Santos e a de Paranaguá (Paraná). Ao longo das praias, foi constatado que os eventos extremos de ressacas / marés meteorológicas são os principais responsáveis pela distribuição dos pellets de plástico nas praias. A principal contribuição do trabalho foi a inclusão da temática da poluição costeira nos estudos de Geografia do Litoral, uma demanda desafiadora para a Geografia brasileira. / Marine debris is an issue discussed since the 1970s, when scientists began to observe and quantify different materials in the seas and coastlines of some countries, such as plastics. In this category are the plastic pellets, which are the basic raw material for the production of plastics industry worldwide inputs. Since then the issue is treated between forms of marine pollution and more coastal observed. The research was conducted in the São Paulo state coast (Brazil), in which it evaluated the presence of pellets and the mechanisms of its distribution, carried out in two stages: the first, on 55 beaches in 15 municipalities across the North Coast, the Baixada Santista and the South Coast. The second, on 9 beaches of Baixada Santista. Bibliographical research, documental, field work and laboratory formed the stages of the investigation, for which sampling methods were used. The results led to the conclusion of the higher concentration of pellets at the nearby beaches to areas considered by the study as sources emitting material at sea, such as port / industrial areas of São Sebastião, Santos and Paranaguá (Paraná). Along the beaches, it was found that extreme storm surge events are mainly responsible for the distribution of plastic pellets on beaches. The main contribution of this study was the inclusion of the issue of coastal pollution in the studies of Geography of the Coastline, a challenging demand for Brazilian Geography.

L'étude sur le potentiel de bioaccumulation des mollusques comme bioindicateur est un effort important à appliquer rigoureusement dans les régions tropicales. Cette thèse présente les résultats de notre enquête pendant deux ans (2012-2013) dans 4 sites côtiers de la baie de Nha Trang de la province de Khanh Hoa (Viet Nam). L'étude a utilise des méthodes d'analyse appropriées pour déterminer la pollution en métaux lourds des sédiments et interpréter la capacité de bioaccumulation de ces métaux lourds dans plusieurs types de mollusques pour la proposer des bioindicateur et évaluer les risques lies a la consommation de ces mollusques provient des substances toxiques. Les résultats de cette étude ont démontré que la concentration de métaux lourds comme Cr, Cd, Cu et Zn ne présent pas les effets biologiques. Un traitement des résultats sur le choix d'une espece comme bioindicateurs, y compris Laternula anatine, Glauconome virens, Katelysia hiantina et Geloina coaxans en terme de bioaccumulation BSAF de métal dans leurs tissus. Les facteurs de bioaccumulation conduisant au choix d'un espèce particulière, la quelle K.hiantina pourrait être le meilleur indicateur de la pollution par les métaux. / The study on the potential bioaccumulation of mollusks as bioindicator is an important effort that contributes to the findings of method in monitoring pollution in an environment of tropical regions. This thesis reports the results of our investigation of heavy metals in mollusks and sediment samples collected from four coastal sites of different environmentally background in Nha Trang bay and adjacent areas, Khanh Hoa province, Viet Nam during 2 years from 2012 to 2013. The study used suitable analyzing methods update to find the bioaccumulation capacity of trace metals in marine ecosystems, evaluation of the bioavailability of potentially toxic substances on human health risks and available for predicting the environmental fat and effects of pollutions. Results from this study demonstrated that the 5 metals As, Cr, Cd, Cu and Zn concentrations of sediments were acceptable or moderate biological effects. These studied mollusk species including Laternula anatine, Glauconome virens, Katelysia hiantina and Geloina coaxans have high potential factors in term of metal BSAF in their tissues. They have served as good bioindicator organisms, in which K.hiantina might be the best indicator of metal pollution as it is high presence, abundance and wide geographical distribution in the study area.

Cette thèse s’intègre dans l’axe 3 du programme « ETIAGE » qui a associé pendant quatre ans (2010-2014) la Lyonnaise des Eaux, la Communauté Urbaine de Bordeaux (CUB), l’AEAG, et le FEDER, région Aquitaine avec l’université de Bordeaux, le CNRS et IRSTEA. L’objectif de l’axe 3 était de documenter les apports métalliques du bassin versant de la CUB aux eaux de la section garonnaise de l’estuaire de la Gironde. Ce vaste estuaire européen est l’un des plus turbides au monde, avec en période d’étiage la présence devant Bordeaux d’une zone de turbidité maximum (ZTM, >1 g.L-1 de MES en surface) qui transporte des particules estuariennes et des éléments traces potentiellement toxiques. Les travaux de cette thèse se sont focalisés sur les apports métalliques via le fonctionnement des deux principales stations d’épuration (STEP) de la CUB. De ce fait, l’objectif de cette recherche est d’analyser en détail les concentrations, les flux et la réactivité de huit contaminants métalliques définis comme prioritaires par l’Union Européenne Cr, Cu, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, As, et le contaminant émergent Ag, des STEP de la CUB. Les taux d’abattement calculés sont importants, de l’ordre de 80 % pour la majorité des métaux, essentiellement lors de l’étape de décantation. Malgré cette efficacité, les apports en éléments traces métalliques (ETM) urbains via les STEP pendant les épisodes orageux et dans des situations de faible débit peuvent augmenter les concentrations et les flux dans l’estuaire fluvial de la Gironde et ainsi avoir des conséquences sur la qualité des eaux estuariennes. Les concentrations en Ag sont supérieures aux concentrations normales de bruit de fond dans l’estuaire fluvial de la Gironde, faisant de Ag un excellent traceur urbain. Le traitement dans les STEP concentre les ETM dans les boues extraites dont les concentrations métalliques restent en-deçà des normes d’épandage. Toutefois, les concentrations en éléments traces peuvent être de 15 (Ag) à 30 (Cu) fois supérieures aux concentrations naturelles du bruit de fond en raison du fort enrichissement des boues en Hg, Ag, Cr, Cu et Zn. De plus, environ 70 % des éléments traces Cd, Ag, Pb, Cu, et Zn contenus dans ces boues sont potentiellement biodisponibles et peuvent avoir un impact néfaste à court et long terme sur les environnements récepteurs. En raison de l’augmentation prévisible de la démographie des villes côtières, les résultats de cette étude participent à l’élaboration de nouveaux concepts et outils (récupération, recyclage, valorisation) pour améliorer quantitativement et qualitativement les rejets urbains solides et liquides. / This study is a part of the third axis of the « ETIAGE » project, a four year collaboration (2010-2014) between the Lyonnaise des Eaux, the Communauté Urbaine de Bordeaux (CUB), AEAG, and FEDER, Aquitaine region with the University of Bordeaux, CNRS and IRSTEA. The axis 3 objectives were to document the trace metal inputs from the CUB watershed into the waters of the Garonne section of the Gironde estuary. The Gironde Estuary is one of the largest macrotidal and highly turbid estuaries in Western Europe characterized by the presence of a strong maximum turbidity zone (MTZ) with high suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentrations (>1 g.L-1 in surface water) transporting estuarine particles and potentially hazardous trace elements. This study has focused on the trace metal inputs from the two main wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) of the CUB. The objective of this research was therefore to study in detail the daily concentrations, fluxes, and dynamics of 8 EU priority contaminants Cr, Cu, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb Zn, As, and the emerging contaminant Ag from the WWTPs in the CUB. The calculated removal rates are significant, around 80 % for the majority of metals, mainly as a result of the decantation phase. Despite this high removal efficiency, during periods of heavy rainstorms and low river discharges, the urban metal inputs via the WWTPs may still significantly increase metal concentrations and fluxes in the fluvial Gironde Estuary impacting water quality. In addition, the WWTP fluxes and concentrations of Ag exceeded common background concentrations in the Gironde fluvial estuary, making it an interesting urban tracer. The treatment within the WWTPs concentrates the trace metals in the sludge, yet, metal concentrations remained below legal norms for agricultural use. However, the analysis of WWTP sludge revealed that trace element concentrations are 15 (Ag) and 30 (Cu) times higher than natural background concentrations with high enrichment of Hg, Ag, Cr, Cu and Zn with over 70 % of Cd, Ag, Pb, Cu, and Zn being potentially bioavailable. Therefore, with increasing urban pressure on environmental quality, these results support the need for the development of efficient water quality monitoring tools.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] El nitrógeno (N) es uno de los elementos más importantes para la vida, pero el desequilibrio provocado sobre el ciclo del N está causando daños importantes a muchos ecosistemas en todo el mundo. En aguas costeras, los procesos del N se ven alterados por fertilizantes, la urbanización o la producción de energía. El objetivo principal de esta tesis es contribuir a la evaluación de cómo la actividad antropogénica y el cambio climático modifican la dinámica del N en aguas costeras. Con este propósito se seleccionaron dos lugares de estudio: la demarcación hidrográfica del Júcar (JRBD) en el Noroeste del Mar Mediterráneo y la Región Hidrológica del Golfo Central (CGHR) al Sur del Golfo de México. La tesis se presenta como una colección de cuatro artículos. El primer artículo evalúa cómo la nitrificación en aguas costeras es alterada por las presiones antropogénicas y en asentamientos urbanos en el JRBD. Mediante la aplicación de un modelo biogeoquímico simple que simula la dinámica del nitrito en nueve áreas costeras, se evaluó el desacoplamiento de los dos pasos de la nitrificación. Las conclusiones indican que las presiones antropogénicas modifican los picos de nitrito en invierno debido a las bajas temperaturas y que el segundo paso de la nitrificación es más sensible a la temperatura, lo que implica que el cambio climático puede contribuir al desacoplamiento. El segundo artículo evalúa las tendencias del nitrógeno inorgánico disuelto (NID) por el cambio climático en el JRBD. El efecto de las variables meteorológicas en las concentraciones de NID se estudió mediante la aplicación de redes neuronales artificiales simples entrenadas con datos de campo. Se observaron tendencias decrecientes de nitrito y nitrato a lo largo del siglo XXI bajo los escenarios climático RCP 4.5 y RCP 8.5, debido al aumento de las temperaturas y a la disminución de las precipitaciones, con cambios más significativos en invierno. El amonio no mostró ninguna tendencia anual significativa, pero se observaron aumentos o disminuciones durante algunos meses. En el tercer artículo se desarrolla un nuevo método basado en teoría de sistemas grises y entropía de Shannon para obtener información útil sobre la contaminación por N en áreas donde los datos disponibles son limitados. El método se aplicó a ocho estuarios del CGHR asociados a manglares. Se desarrollaron dos índices: el índice gris de prioridad de gestión de nitrógeno (GNMP) y el índice gris de presión de uso del suelo (GLUP). Ambos fueron comparados para validar la metodología y los resultados indican que la urbanización sobre playas y manglares es la principal causa de la contaminación de N. El cuarto artículo es un análisis espaciotemporal de la contaminación de N a lo largo de dos ríos que desembocan en una zona turística del CGHR asociada a manglares. Mediante técnicas estadísticas como el análisis de cluster, la prueba de MannKendall y la prueba W de MannWhitney, se realizó una evaluación del origen de la contaminación de N y las variaciones temporales de los compuestos de N. Los resultados concluyen que las concentraciones de N orgánico están aumentando a lo largo de la costa, y la principal fuente identificada fue la descomposición de la especie invasora de jacintos de agua en aguas salinas, que ha cubierto completamente las playas y manglares circundantes potenciado por la contaminación de N. El conjunto de la investigación concluye que tanto la contaminación como el cambio climático alteran el ciclo del N en aguas costeras al modificar elementos importantes del N como la nitrificación, las variaciones interanuales de las concentraciones de N o los ecosistemas costeros. Las diferencias en las características ecológicas y socioeconómicas de las dos zonas de estudio desempeñaron un papel decisivo en las presiones e impactos de las actividades antropogénicas. Además, los métodos desarrollados pueden aplicar / [CAT] El nitrogen (N) és un dels elements més importants per a la vida, però el desequilibri provocat sobre el cicle del N està causant danys importants a molts ecosistemes. En aigües costaneres els processos del N es veuen alterats per fertilitzants, el desenvolupament urbà o la producció d'energia. L'objectiu principal d'aquesta investigació és contribuir a l'avaluació de com l'activitat antropogénica i el canvi climàtic modifiquen la dinàmica del N en aigües costaneres. Amb aquest propòsit es van seleccionar dos llocs d'estudi: la demarcació hidrogràfica del Xúquer (JRBD) al Nord-oest de la Mar Mediterrània i la Regió Hidrològica del Golf Central (CGHR) al Sud del Golf de Mèxic. La tesi es presenta com una col·lecció de quatre articles. El primer article avalua com la nitrificació en aigües costaneres es veu alterada per les pressions antropogèniques i prop dels assentaments urbans en el JRBD. Mitjançant l'aplicació d'un model biogeoquímic que simula la dinàmica del nitrit a nou àrees costaneres, es va avaluar el desacoblament dels dos passos de la nitrificació. Les conclusions indiquen que les pressions antropogèniques modifiquen els pics de nitrit observats a l'hivern a causa de les baixes temperaturas i que el segon pas de la nitrificació és més sensible a la temperatura, la qual cosa implica que el canvi climàtic pot contribuir al desacoblament d'aquests dos passos. El segon article avalua les tendències futures de nitrogen inorgànic dissolt (NID) pel canvi climàtic en el JRBD. L'efecte de les variables meteorològiques en les concentracions de NID es va estudiar mitjançant l'aplicació de xarxes neuronals artificials simples entrenades amb dades de camp. Es van observar tendències decreixents de nitrits i nitrats al llarg del segle XXI sota els escenaris climàtics RCP 4.5 i RCP 8.5, a causa de l'augment de les temperatures i a la disminució de les precipitacions, amb canvis més significatius a l'hivern. L'amoni no va mostrar cap tendència anual significativa, però es van observar augments o disminucions durant alguns mesos. En el tercer article es desenvolupa un nou mètode basat en la teoria dels sistemes grisos i l'entropia de Shannon per a obtindre informació útil sobre la contaminació per N en àrees on les dades disponibles són limitats. El mètode es va aplicar a huit estuaris del CGHR associats a manglars. Es van desenvolupar dos índexs: l'índex gris de prioritat de gestió de nitrogen (GNMP) i l'índex gris de pressió d'ús de la terra (GLUP). Els dos van ser comparats per a validar la metodologia. Els resultats indiquen que el desenvolupament urbà sobre platges i manglars és la principal causa de la contaminació de N en l'àrea d'estudi. El quart article és una anàlisi espacio-temporal de la contaminació de N al llarg de dues rius que desemboquen en una zona turística costanera del CGHR associada a manglars. Mitjançant tècniques estadístiques com l'anàlisi de clúster, les proves MannKendall i W de MannWhitney, es va realitzar una avaluació de l'origen de la contaminació de N i les variacions temporals dels compostos de N. Els resultats conclouen que les concentracions de N orgànic estan augmentant al llarg de la costa, i la principal font identificada va ser la descomposició de l'espècie invasora de jacints d'aigua en aigües salines, que ha cobert completament les platges i manglars circumdants potenciat per la contaminació de N. El conjunt de la investigació conclou que tant la contaminació com el canvi climàtic alteren el cicle del N en aigües costaneres en modificar els processos del N com la nitrificació, les variacions interanuals de les concentracions de N i la destrucció dels ecosistemes costaners. Les diferències en les característiques ecològiques i socioeconòmiques de les dues zones d'estudi van exercir un paper decisiu en les pressions i impactes de les activitats antropogèniques. A més, els mètodes desenvolupats poden / [EN] Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important elements for life on Earth, but the unbalance caused to the N cylce is causing dramatic damage to many ecosystems around the world. In coastal waters, the N processes are altered by anthropogenic activities such as the excessive use of fertilizers, urban development or energy production. The main objective of this research is to contribute to the evaluation of how anthropogenic activities and climate change modify the N dynamics in coastal waters. For this purpose, two study sites were selected: the Jucar River Basin District (JRBD) in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea (Spain) and the Central Gulf Hydrological Region (CGHR) in the Southern Gulf of Mexico (Mexico). The thesis is presented as a collection of four research articles. The first article evaluates how nitrification in coastal waters is altered by anthropogenic pressures and close to urban settlements in the JRBD. Through the application of a simple biogeochemical model that simulates nitrite dynamics to nine coastal areas, an evaluation of the decoupling of the two steps of nitrification was carried out. The main conclusions indicate that anthropogenic pressures modify the nitrite peaks observed in winter driven by low temperatures. The research also concludes that the second step of nitrification is more sensitive to temperature, which entails that climate change may contribute to the decoupling. The second article evaluates the future trends of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations under climate change in the JRBD. The effect of meteorological variables on DIN concentrations was studied through the application of simple artificial neural networks trained with field data. Decreasing trends of nitrite and nitrate concentrations were observed throughout the 21st century under both climatic scenarios RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, mainly due to rising temperatures and decreasing rainfall, with major changes expected in winter. On the other hand, ammonium did not show any significant annual trend but it either increased or decreased during some months. The third article develops a new method based on grey systems theory and Shannon entropy to derive useful information regarding N pollution in areas where only limited data is available. The method was applied to eight estuaries of the CGHR associated to mangroves. Two indexes were developed: the Grey Nitrogen Management Priority (GNMP) index and the Grey Land Use Pressure (GLUP) index. The two indexes were then confronted to validate the methodology. The results indicate that the urban development over beaches and mangroves is the leading cause of N pollution in the study area. The fourth article is a spatiotemporal analysis of N pollution along two rivers discharging into a touristic coastal area of the CGHR associated to mangroves. Through statistical techniques such as clustering analysis, the Mann-Kendall test and the Mann-Whitney W-test, an evaluation of the origine of N pollution and the temporal variations of the N compounds was performed. The results conclude than organic N concentrations are increasing along the coast, and the main potential source identified was the decomposition of the invasive species of water hyacinths in saline waters, which has completely covered the surrounding beaches and mangroves, enhanced by N pollution. Overall, the main conclusions are that both pollution and climate change alter the N cycle in coastal waters by modifying N processes such as nitrification, the interannual variations of N concentrations and by destroying the coastal ecosystems. The differences in ecological and socio-economic characteristics of the two study sites played a significant role in the pressures and impacts of anthropogenic activities. Moreover, the methods developed can be applied to other coastal regions to evaluate the anthropogenic alteration of the N cycle worldwide. / This thesis was carried out with an international cotutelle between the Polytechnic University of Valencia in Spain and the Veracruzan University in Mexico. This thesis has been financed by the following scholarships: - Erasmus Mundus - MAYANET Grant Agreement Number 2014-0872/001 - 001, funded with support from the European Commission. - Cotutelle PhD scholarship granted by the Universitat Politècnica de València. - Excellence Scholarship awarded by the Mexican Government through the Mexican Agency for International Development Cooperation (AMEXCID) / Temiño Boes, R. (2020). Anthropogenic alteration of the nitrogen cycle in coastal waters: Case studies from the Mediterranean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/158560 / Compendio