Thesis (M.A. (Translation studies and linguistics)) --University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2010 / The researcher was motivated to conduct this research because there is a prevalence (high rate) use of code-switching among high school learners, teachers and students in tertiary institutions as well as in Xitsonga texts. This was observed by evaluating selected Xitsonga literature or text books with the aim of investigating why characters in the text books use code-switching as a conversational strategy. Based on the research findings, it became evident that characters/speakers switch because they have a lack of language proficiency, in their language or the target language. Their switch appears to be influenced by their statuses, the lack of equivalent words, the situations they find themselves in and the urge to be socially accepted by their peers. It is recommended that speakers need to learn their language adequately in order to communicate effectively without having to switch

published_or_final_version / Language Studies / Master / Master of Arts

Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 51-54).

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of B.A. (HONS) in the Department of African Languages at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 1990 . / The purpose of this research is to investigate why students at the" University of Zululand code-switch. The research focuses particularly on environmental and social factors which lead students to code-switch. It also looks into the functions of code switching. On the whole it is intended to contribute to the findings already made on code-switching. Many researchers have found out that people tend to code switch because it has become a habit to do so. Such a reason does not sound linguistically convincing to me. Others claim that people code-switch because they want to display their 'education' or that they come from urban areas or townships. This again is not convincing enough since code-switching is a reality and would seem to come naturally. It is not something one does when one feels like it is usually done unconsciously.

The present study explores the functions of code-switching and the factors which motivate speakers to use it in the context of informal conversations among educated, multilingual Sindhi women at four colleges in Hyderabad and Kotri, Pakistan. Following on from such scholars as Blom and Gumperz (1972), Gumperz (1982), Myers-Scotton (1993a), Poplack (1980), this study uses a qualitative methodology consisting of audio recordings of informal interactions, the questionnaires filled in by the participants, which reveal their demographic information and observation notes by the researcher during the audio recordings. The data is then analysed using an interpretive approach. The findings provide evidence that code-switching is employed as a language strategy to achieve particular social goals. Multilingual code-switching into Sindhi, Urdu and English and a few instances of Arabic and other local languages provide sufficient evidence of participants' linguistic competence. The majority of participants use Sindhi as their L1 and English as their preferred language for code-switching. However, some participants who are Sindhi by ethnicity but acquired Urdu (their academic language) as their L1 predominantly use Urdu. The findings suggest that the participants use code switching to achieve particular social goals, such as to construct multiple identities, to express anger and humour, to discuss taboo issues and for specific textual functions such as recycling, self-repair, quotation, and idiomatic expressions. In the current study, the motivational extra-linguistic factors for the use of code-switching are historical-socio-economic factors, participants' social networks, conversational topics, and the social status of their interlocutor(s). The intra-linguistic factors consist of speakers' expression of their emotions and their linguistic competence. The most significant factor involved in the presence and absence of the use of codeswitching is the socioeconomic status of the participants. The results show the use of a huge number of English loanwords to fill lexical gaps which exist in Sindhi and Urdu. However, some instances of core borrowing (widespread borrowing in presence of equivalent in native language) from English are also used.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1986.

published_or_final_version / Linguistics / Master / Master of Arts

Thesis (M. A.)--University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 58-59) Also available in print.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1986. / Also available in print.

Bilingualism is one of the by-products of globalization and migration. As people from different ethnicities come into contact, their languages will influence each other. People learn a second or third language in different environments leading to their linguistic proficiency levels being different. In conversations involving bilinguals, code-switching may be prevalent. This practise of alternating between two or more languages during a speech act has been of great interest to researchers with various models and hypotheses being proposed to explain it. Although code-switching has been studied extensively in literature, indigenous languages such as Shona have received less attention. This study aims to determine whether the markedness model of code-switching can be applied to Shona oral discourse (speech). An analysis is done to ascertain the nature, occurrence and characteristics of code-switching in the speech of Shona-English bilinguals. Participants who attended formal education for at least ten years were selected for the study. In order to inform on the theoretical background and on previous studies that dealt with code-switching, a literature review was conducted. The study used semi-structured interviews, a cloze test and recordings as data collection methods. Data was analysed to determine the applicability of the markedness model to the compiled corpus. Data analysis was also aided by WordSmith, (corpus analysis software). Results of the analysis seem to suggest that the markedness model can be applied to Shona-English code-switching. In addition, an analysis of the corpus using WordSmith showed frequently used English words and collocations and concordances of the code-switched words. An examination of the collocations and concordances shows the contexts in which the code-switched words appear. / Dissertation (MA) University of Pretoria, 2016. / National Research Foundation (NRF) / Afrikaans / MA / Unrestricted