This paper is an analysis of American's opinions on government spending on Social Security. The main objectives were to analyze the effect of year and cohort membership on the likelihood for American's to say that they think the government is spending too little on Social Security. The data was obtained from the General Social Survey. Results of the analysis conclude that year is statistically significant in predicting the likelihood of those who say the government is spending too little on Social Security. When comparing every year to 1994, 1996 is the only year that year that respondents were less likely to respond that the government was spending too little on Social Security. Every other test year, up to and including 2004, there is a growing likelihood of respondents indicating that the government is spending too little on Social Security. Finally, cohort membership was included in the analysis. Results conclude that the Swing cohort and the Babyboom cohort are statistically significant in predicting opinions on government spending on Social Security when being compared to the youngest cohort, the Babyboomlet-bust cohort. However, the results of the analysis show opposite direction in opinions between these two cohorts. Interestingly, the only cohort not statistically significant is the Silent generation.

Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master's Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, 2009. / Modern surfing dates as far back as the 1960’s when the first amateur and professional surfing competitions were held (1). Since these humble beginnings, surfing has enjoyed a sustained growth over the last half a century, principally through increased commercialization of surfing apparel and an increased positive association with the lifestyle of surfers. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine a retrospective cohort analysis of the injury profile of internationally competitive surfers and provide information on chronic, repetitive strain injuries suffered by them. Therefore, for the purpose of this study, the following information was gathered in order to create an injury profile: • Demographics of internationally competitive surfers competing in the Mr. Price Pro, Durban, South Africa, • Prevalence of surfing injuries, • Treatment received for injuries. Methods: This study was a retrospective, quantitative, epidemiological study (9), on the Chiropractic Student Sports Association’s (CSSA) questionnaire in order to produce a retrospective cohort analysis of the injury profile of internationally. On entry into the Chiropractic treatment facility, the surfer is requested to complete their portion of the CSSA questionnaire. Thereafter the senior intern then takes a brief case history, elaborating on the information provided by the surfer, followed by a standard clinical assessment related to the anatomical region or list of differential diagnoses based on the history. iv The study was limited to any surfer, male or female, who was competing on the World Championship Tour or the World Qualifying Series and registered to compete in the Mr. Price Pro. Results: Chronic injuries made up for 52.7% of surfing injuries, with the spine and surrounding musculature being the most commonly affected regions. Factors associated with injury were the repetitive nature of certain aspects of surfing and the age of the surfer. The findings in this study concurred with previous literature with the respect to sustaining of an injury related to surfing. However, many of the findings in this study differed to that of previous literature with respect to the common site of injury. The spine was the most common site of injury, as opposed to lower extremities as had been previously reported. The factors associated with injury also differed somewhat from previous literature. Therefore, this warrants further investigation with due consideration to the recommendations from this study.

One purpose of the thesis is to find the role of the cohort effect in changes in the wage structure of urban China. We construct synthetic cohort data from the repeated cross-sections of Urban Household Survey (UHS) 1988-2002, and get a series of interesting results on wages. Our analysis is not only the first study in cohort patterns of wage structure in economic transition, but also the first study that systematically discusses the winners and losers during economic transition in urban China. Besides, our study makes contributions in the further discussion of factors influencing cohort effect. Furthermore, the thesis provides the first study in the role of cohort effect in estimating returns to education and age premium. Lastly, this thesis decomposes factors affecting the growth of wage and wage inequality, and finds that the cohort effect is mainly responsible for the rapid wage growth and inequality increase in urban China. / The last twenty years have witnessed an economic transition for many countries, including the former Soviet Union, Central and Eastern Europe, as well as China. Different from other countries, China has been experiencing a gradual and partial economic transition since the late 1970s. The consequences of the economic transition in all these countries are also quite different. Other transitional economies have recorded abrupt recessions, as reflected in negative GDP growth, a decline in wage, and an increase in unemployment. As a stark contrast, China has experienced a smooth and rapid economic growth in the last two and a half decades of economic transition. Its GDP growth has kept on a leading level with that of the whole world. Besides, the wage level, as well as wage inequality, has risen substantially. / The other purpose of this thesis is to find the role of the cohort effect in the dramatically declining labor force participation of urban China. Our study reveals that the cohort effect explains much of the decline in the labor force participation. This is the first study in analyzing labor participation in economic transition using synthetic cohort data, and we find that estimation of cross-section analysis of life-cycle participation is quite misleading. Besides, our study presents the first analysis of the wage structure effect on participation after separating the cohort effect from the age effect. Will higher inequality cause incentive effect or disincentive effect? Will results differ for men and women? This thesis provides a thorough analysis, and makes important contributions to the literature. / This thesis conducts research on wage structure and labor force participation during economic transition in urban China. One major contribution of this thesis is to separate the cohort effect from the age effect in analyzing labor market behavior in economic transition. Given the dramatic changes to the Chinese economy and society in the past half century, cohort quality, cohort size, cohort preference, and even labor market opportunities for each cohort will be very different. Therefore, inter-cohort differentials in labor market behaviors may be quite significant. However, previous studies usually employed cross-section analysis, and have ignored the cohort effect, which mixed up cohort effect and age effect and might cause the serious problem of bias in estimation. Our analysis avoids this problem. / Han Jun. / "September 2006." / Advisers: Juncen Zhang; Hongbin Li. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-03, Section: A, page: 1109. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 196-223). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Background Multimorbidity, the co-existence of multiple health conditions in an individual, is a significant Public Health challenge. However, it has no consensus definition or measure, and its determinants and outcomes are not fully understood. Resilience may be a mechanism by which the experience of multimorbidity can be improved but there has been little study of this. Aim To define and measure the prevalence of multimorbidity and resilience to multimorbidity, to assess the role of mental health and childhood socio-economic status (SES) and to investigate the long-term outcomes. Objectives 1. To determine how multimorbidity and resilience to multimorbidity should be defined and measured in Public Health research 2. To assess the prevalence of multimorbidity and resilience to multimorbidity using the measures identified in objective one 3. To assess the role of mental health conditions and childhood SES in the occurrence of multimorbidity and resilience to multimorbidity 4. To assess the impact of multimorbidity and resilience to multimorbidity on long-term outcomes Method Systematic reviews of the literature were conducted to address objective one. The analysis of two contrasting study populations was used to address objectives two to four. These were the Australian cross-sectional Diamond study and the Aberdeen Children of the 1950s cohort study. Results Multimorbidity was defined as the presence of two or more conditions and was measured by patient self-report and healthcare administrative data. Resilience was the presence of good self-reported outcomes despite multimorbidity. Multimorbidity prevalence ranged from 3% to 38%. Mental health conditions led to an increased burden of multimorbidity and a reduced prevalence of resilience. Childhood SES and other SES factors were associated with multimorbidity. Childhood SES and other SES factors were associated with multimorbidity. Multimorbidity was associated with poorer outcomes. Conclusion The findings in this thesis can be used to improve consensus approaches to studying multimorbidity and resilience, and to develop interventions to tackle these.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.

The purpose of this research was to explore non-persistence by vocational students in the College of Career and Vocational Education at the University of Alaska Anchorage. A cohort of 156 students were identified and tracked from fall 1989 through spring 1992. In the first part of the study, using the University of Alaska Anchorage Institutional Research data base, demographic characteristics of the cohort, their patterns of enrollment and performance were identified. In the second part of the study, a sample of 12 non-persisters within the cohort were interviewed to learn about their motives for enrolling in postsecondary vocational education, factors contributing to their withdrawal and their perceptions regarding the quality of their educational experiences. Traditional-age (19 and under) students were the dominant age group, representing 46 percent of the cohort. Eighty percent of the students within the cohort were full-time students taking 12 or more credits. Over half (55 percent) of the students were "early-leavers" who discontinued their education at some point within the first year of the study. The graduation rate for the cohort was 3.8 percent and, at the conclusion of the study, 7.1 percent of the original cohort had maintained continuous enrollment, however, if students attending in stop-and-go patterns were included, 14.7 percent were still persisting. Implications for further study revealed by the interviews of "early-leavers" (i.e., students who did not persist beyond the first or second semesters of the study) included the following questions: 1. What retention strategies, policies and procedures can be implemented to encourage persistence of vocational students beyond the first or second semester? 2. How can the University of Alaska Anchorage assist students with their career development and decision-making? 3. How can the University of Alaska Anchorage encourage the persistence of commuter students? / Graduation date: 1995

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Also available online.

Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master's Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, 2009. / Modern surfing dates as far back as the 1960’s when the first amateur and professional surfing competitions were held (1). Since these humble beginnings, surfing has enjoyed a sustained growth over the last half a century, principally through increased commercialization of surfing apparel and an increased positive association with the lifestyle of surfers. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine a retrospective cohort analysis of the injury profile of internationally competitive surfers and provide information on chronic, repetitive strain injuries suffered by them. Therefore, for the purpose of this study, the following information was gathered in order to create an injury profile: • Demographics of internationally competitive surfers competing in the Mr. Price Pro, Durban, South Africa, • Prevalence of surfing injuries, • Treatment received for injuries. Methods: This study was a retrospective, quantitative, epidemiological study (9), on the Chiropractic Student Sports Association’s (CSSA) questionnaire in order to produce a retrospective cohort analysis of the injury profile of internationally. On entry into the Chiropractic treatment facility, the surfer is requested to complete their portion of the CSSA questionnaire. Thereafter the senior intern then takes a brief case history, elaborating on the information provided by the surfer, followed by a standard clinical assessment related to the anatomical region or list of differential diagnoses based on the history. iv The study was limited to any surfer, male or female, who was competing on the World Championship Tour or the World Qualifying Series and registered to compete in the Mr. Price Pro. Results: Chronic injuries made up for 52.7% of surfing injuries, with the spine and surrounding musculature being the most commonly affected regions. Factors associated with injury were the repetitive nature of certain aspects of surfing and the age of the surfer. The findings in this study concurred with previous literature with the respect to sustaining of an injury related to surfing. However, many of the findings in this study differed to that of previous literature with respect to the common site of injury. The spine was the most common site of injury, as opposed to lower extremities as had been previously reported. The factors associated with injury also differed somewhat from previous literature. Therefore, this warrants further investigation with due consideration to the recommendations from this study.

Richard Nixon undoubtedly casts a long shadow on the American political conscience. Nowhere is this clearer than in the political behavior of American voters born 1950-1954. These baby-boomers were the youngest voters eligible to vote in 1972, and experienced the greatest scandal in postwar American politics at an important age. The question this thesis asks is: what happens when the most populous cohort in American history experiences one of the most contentious periods in postwar politics during the most important years of psychological development? This study finds three significant effects. First, this cohort shows lower levels of civic engagement throughout life. Second, this cohort is more likely to vote Democrat. Third, this cohort is more ideologically polarized. Not only are these trends clear, they are also distinct from adjacent cohorts.

Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1986. / Bibliography: leaves 97-102. / Photocopy. / x, 102 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm