L’expérience que les enfants font de leur communauté est le résultat de l’interaction de plusieurs facteurs. Parmi ceux-ci, l’agencéité des enfants est identifiée comme étant d’une grande importance, malgré les contraintes imposées par des facteurs externes tels les structures organisationnelles et institutionnelles ou la participation au sein de registres sémiotiques. En utilisant le cas présenté par les familles militaires francophones de Cold Lake, en Alberta, cette dissertation contribue à tracer le portrait d’enfants qui jouent un rôle d’importance dans l’expérience de la vie communautaire ainsi que dans les processus de formation identitaire au niveau de la communauté. La vie sociale des jeunes francophones de Cold Lake est caractérisée par un haut niveau de mobilité et est assujettie à des registres sémiotiques persistants au travers de discours couvrant des sujets tels la mobilité, le militaire, et l’identité francophone. Le travail ethnographique accompli à Cold Lake permet de décrire une communauté où se rencontrent des individus ayant vécu leur mobilité familiale dans des contextes différents et de documenter les effets de cette diversité sur l’expérience communautaire des enfants ainsi que sur leur concept d’identité et d’appartenance. Cette réflexion est fondée sur un travail the terrain ethnographique autour de la communauté associée à la base de la 4ième Escadre de Cold Lake, une base de l’Aviation royale canadienne. En étudiant une communauté caractérisée par la mobilité de ses membres, je fais la démonstration que la continuité au niveau communautaire, ainsi que la reproduction culturelle, n’est pas nécessairement liée à une continuité au sein de la population. Ce faisant, je présente la communauté comme résultant de l’expérience d’environnements sociaux par le biais d’une l’agencéité entrant en contact avec des registres sémiotiques au sein de structures institutionnelles. Finalement, cette dissertation fait aussi la description des défis et des opportunités que rencontrent les familles militaires francophones de Cold Lake. Leur situation particulière, en tant qu’individus mobiles vivant en marge de plusieurs institutions et organisations, nous permet d’affiner la compréhension des impacts de la mobilité et des conflits de loyauté sur les concepts d’appartenance et d’identité. / In this dissertation, I show that while the experience that children have of their community is influenced by external factors such as semiotic registers and structural relationships, it is also shaped through their own agency. Through working with children of French-speaking military families in Cold Lake, Alberta, I contribute to a portrayal of children as playing an important role, not only in how they experience community, but in the very shaping of the community itself. Through a focus on how children of military members attending the French school École Voyageur experience their social environment, it becomes apparent that while this is characterized by a high degree of mobility, they are nevertheless subjected to lasting semiotic registers defined by ongoing discourses surrounding topics such as mobility, the military, and francophone identity. By taking account of how children of mobile families, and adults involved in their lives, express their understanding of their place within various institutions, this dissertation contributes to furthering the understanding of potential effects of various patterns of mobility on childhood experiences of community and concepts of identity and belonging. This work is grounded in data collected during fieldwork in and around a military community associated with 4 Wing Cold Lake, a Royal Canadian Air Force base. What is shown with the data gathered from fieldwork is that continuity in a community, and even cultural maintenance, does not require continuity within the population. In doing so I show that conflicting views concerning the idea of community can be reconciled by describing it as the result of experience of social environments through the encounter of individual agency with semiotic registers and networks of institutional structures. Finally, this work also describes some of the challenges and opportunities encountered by children of French-speaking military families in Cold Lake. Their particular situation, as mobile individuals evolving on the margin of multiple institutions and organisations, makes them subjects of interest to understand the impacts of mobility and of diverging loyalties on concepts of belonging and identity.

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The inadvertent ingestion of contaminated soil is the dominant exposure route of non-volatile and semi-volatile contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Quantitative mass balance soil ingestion studies have been used to determine soil ingestion rates for use in human health risk assessments (HHRA) that can be used to predict the likelihood of adverse effects in individuals exposed to hazardous contaminants such as PAHs in contaminated soil. The Cold Lake region of Alberta is one of the three major oil sands regions of Alberta, and PAH concentrations in this oil sand region may be elevated in the atmosphere and the soil, resulting in increased exposures to PAHs. The area is home to Cold Lake First Nation who practice traditional activities and lifestyles that may put them in greater contact with soil than previous soil ingestion studies suggest. The primary objective of this research was to assess the soil ingestion rate in a group of First Nations subjects inhabiting the Cold lake region, and assess the carcinogenic risk posed by exposures to PAHs in air and soil. The study employed a quantitative mass balance tracer approach to estimate soil ingestion rates, and followed 9 subjects over a 13 day period. Soil and air samples were simultaneously collected to assess PAH contamination. The mean soil ingestion rate using Al and Si elemental tracers was 52 mg d-1, with a 90th percentile of 220 mg d-1, and a median soil ingestion rate of 37 mg d-1. These values are greater than the soil ingestion rates for HHRA recommended by Health Canada. The mean increase in excess lifetime cancer risk posed by inadvertent ingestion of soil to a First Nations’ individuals following traditional activities was 0.02 cases per 100,000 people with a 95% risk level of 0.067 cases per 100,000 people. Exposure to PAHs through inhalation posed a maximum lifetime cancer risk below 0.1 cases per 100,000, people. Thus, this study found no appreciable increase in excess lifetime associated with PAH exposure of First Nations’ people in the Cold Lake region.

With the rising demand for fossil fuels, Northern Canada has seen an unprecedented increase in petrochemical development. These developments are often associated with emissions of PAHs, a group of hydrophobic organic contaminants that are known to be carcinogenic and otherwise harmful to humans. Due to their hydrophobic nature, PAHs tend to bind to organic matter and can be produced through both anthropogenic and natural processes, making them ubiquitous in the environment. Therefore, in addition to impacts from petrochemical developments, changes to climatic conditions, such as increased forest fire disturbance and primary production also have the potential to alter delivery of organic carbon (OC) and PAHs to ecosystems. However, very little is known as to how the combined stressors of climate change and petrochemical development may affect environmental deposition of these contaminants. The concentrations and composition of parent and alkyl PAHs were analysed in radiometrically-dated sediment cores from lakes with one of four different types of petrochemical development in their catchments: (1) in-situ oil sands extraction (Cold Lake, AB); (2) open-pit oil sands extraction (Fort McMurray, AB); (3) abandoned conventional natural gas exploration (Mackenzie Delta Uplands, NWT); and (4) conventional gas and oil extraction (Cameron Hills, NWT). PAH deposition to lake sediments was also compared to climate reconstructions using climate proxies (diatom assemblages, inferred chlorophyll a and its diagenetic products, and Rock Eval carbon fractions as well as %OC). PAH sources were differentiated between potential pyrogenic and petrogenic origin over a period that extends to pre-industrial times using ratios of specific PAHs that can be traced to their potential source. Sediment cores from Cold Lake, AB showed concentrations of the sum of alkyl PAHs greater than those of parent PAHs, while all other cores show the reverse trend. A comparison of the % change of PAH concentrations from pre-development to post-development sediments between the four regions, showed that the greatest increase in concentrations of PAHs occurred in the Athabasca oil sands region. PAH profiles in the conventional regions have been historically dominated by mixed sources (pyrogenic PAHs from general background atmospheric inputs and petrogenic PAHs from the surrounding hydrocarbon-rich soils). While cores from the Fort McMurray area show a clear shift from pyrogenic sources (primarily wood and coal burning) in earlier sediments to petrogenic sources in more modern sediments, and the Cold Lake cores show some shifting sources to those dominated by pyrogenic sources in modern sediments. Organic carbon was significantly correlated with the sum of parent PAHs in 2 out of the 6 NWT cores that were examined for climate change impacts, while all other PAH parameters (concentration and composition) do not correlate significantly with any of the climate proxies. Establishing background concentrations and sources of PAHs in aquatic ecosystems is essential for understanding the natural environmental variations in these contaminants. Moreover, as both petrochemical activity and impacts from climate change are predicted to intensify in the future, studies such as this one allow us to build a solid understanding of how PAH deposition to northern lakes has responded to the warming climate and whether PAHs have been altered as a result of petrochemical activity.

The inadvertent ingestion of contaminated soil is the dominant exposure route of non-volatile and semi-volatile contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Quantitative mass balance soil ingestion studies have been used to determine soil ingestion rates for use in human health risk assessments (HHRA) that can be used to predict the likelihood of adverse effects in individuals exposed to hazardous contaminants such as PAHs in contaminated soil. The Cold Lake region of Alberta is one of the three major oil sands regions of Alberta, and PAH concentrations in this oil sand region may be elevated in the atmosphere and the soil, resulting in increased exposures to PAHs. The area is home to Cold Lake First Nation who practice traditional activities and lifestyles that may put them in greater contact with soil than previous soil ingestion studies suggest. The primary objective of this research was to assess the soil ingestion rate in a group of First Nations subjects inhabiting the Cold lake region, and assess the carcinogenic risk posed by exposures to PAHs in air and soil. The study employed a quantitative mass balance tracer approach to estimate soil ingestion rates, and followed 9 subjects over a 13 day period. Soil and air samples were simultaneously collected to assess PAH contamination. The mean soil ingestion rate using Al and Si elemental tracers was 52 mg d-1, with a 90th percentile of 220 mg d-1, and a median soil ingestion rate of 37 mg d-1. These values are greater than the soil ingestion rates for HHRA recommended by Health Canada. The mean increase in excess lifetime cancer risk posed by inadvertent ingestion of soil to a First Nations’ individuals following traditional activities was 0.02 cases per 100,000 people with a 95% risk level of 0.067 cases per 100,000 people. Exposure to PAHs through inhalation posed a maximum lifetime cancer risk below 0.1 cases per 100,000, people. Thus, this study found no appreciable increase in excess lifetime associated with PAH exposure of First Nations’ people in the Cold Lake region.