ABSTRACT <bold>A Comparison of Temperatures Inside Protective Headgear With Indicators of Physiological Strain and Core Temperatures During Exercise in a Hot Environment</bold> KELLY R. JAMES, AMY N. ADAMS, KELLI M. CRISP, BRIAN B. FRANKLIN, HEATHER J. HEEFNER, ANDREAS KREUTZER, DIEGO X. MONTALVO, MARCEL G. TURNER, MELODY D. PHILLIPS and JOEL B. MITCHELL Exercise Physiology Laboratory; Kinesiology Dept.; Texas Christian University; Fort Worth, TX <bold>Introduction:</bold> Non-invasive temperature monitoring with a sensor mounted inside protective headgear such as a football or military helmet or a construction hardhat may be an effective method of detecting temperatures that are indicative of increased risk of heat illness. Hothead Technologies has developed a system for providing temperature information to medical personnel responsible for the health of the individual. <bold>Purpose:</bold> The purposes of this study were to establish the relationship between in-hardhat temperature (Tih) readings, markers of physiological strain and perceptual responses, and to determine the differences between the in-helmet temperature readings and core temperature (Tc) as measured by rectal (Tre) and esophageal (Tes) probes. <bold>Methods:</bold> Thirty males (age, 24.57 ± 4.32 years; height 180.51 ±7.06 cm; body mass, 81.06 ±9.35 kg; percent body fat, 13.76 ±5.11; VO2max, 46.84 ± 7.10 mL/Kg/min) completed two experimental trials separated by a minimum of one week: a continuous submaximal exercise (CSE) condition and a series of high intensity 30-second sprints (HIE) with a one-minute rest period between each sprint. Exercise in both conditions was carried out in a 36<super>o</super> C environment with a relative humidity of 40% while wearing a standard construction hardhat with a sensor mounted in the forehead area of the head strap, and continued until one of the following two criteria was met: the subject voluntarily terminated the session, or the subject's Tc reached 39.5<super>o</super>C. Temperatures, heart rate, cardiorespiratory, and perceptual responses were monitored throughout, and balance error scoring system (BESS) and mental function tests were conducted before and after exercise. A physiological strain index (PSI) was calculated from Tc and HR. <bold>Results:</bold> <TABLE> <TR ALIGN="CENTER"> <TD> Condition </TD> <TD> Post Tih </TD> <TD> Post Tre </TD> <TD> Post Tes </TD> <TD> BESS Firm Pre </TD> <TD> BESS Firm Post </TD> <TD> BESS Foam Pre </TD> <TD> BESS Foam Post </TD> <TD> PSI Tre </TD> <TD> PSI Tes </TD> </TR> <TR ALIGN="CENTER"> <TD> CSE </TD> <TD> 38.77 ± 0.41</TD> <TD> 38.90 ± 0.49</TD> <TD> 39.29 ± 0.58 </TD> <TD> 2.73 ± 2.41</TD> <TD> 7.17 ± 3.81</TD> <TD> 11.33 ± 4.38</TD> <TD> 15.50 ± 4.78</TD> <TD> 9.18 ± 1.11</TD> <TD> 10.04 ± 1.05</TD> </TR> <TR ALIGN="CENTER"> <TD> CV </TD> <TD> 1.07% </TD> <TD> 1.25% </TD> <TD> 1.48% </TD> <TD> </TD> <TD> </TD> <TD> </TD> <TD> </TD> <TD> </TD> <TD> </TD> </TR> <TR ALIGN="CENTER"> <TD> HIE </TD> <TD> 38.76 ± 0.37 </TD> <TD> 38.91 ± 0.47 </TD> <TD> 39.19 ± 0.57 </TD> <TD> 3.67 ± 2.59 </TD> <TD> 7.37 ± 4.10 </TD> <TD> 10.80 ± 3.46 </TD> <TD> 15.53 ± 5.55 </TD> <TD> 9.29 ± 0.99 </TD> <TD> 9.86 ± 1.02 </TD> </TR> <TR ALIGN="CENTER"> <TD> CV </TD> <TD> 0.96% </TD> <TD> 1.21% </TD> <TD> 1.45%</TD> <TD> </TD> <TD> </TD> <TD> </TD> <TD> </TD> <TD> </TD> <TD> </TD> </TR> </TABLE> <bold>Table 1a. Temperature Responses (<super>o</super> C), BESS results and PSI (mean + SD)</bold> <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The general agreement between the Tih and other temperature measures along with the consistency as indicated by the low coefficient of variation in the recordings of the Tih sensors at the point of termination suggest that this device may have application as a warning system for impending heat-related problems.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a single bout of resistance exercise on measures of postprandial lipemia and glucose metabolism in lean and obese young women. Based on the results, a single bout of RE does appear to have potential in favorably affecting certain postprandial blood variables indicative of atherosclerosis, CVD, diabetes and related comorbidities. Future research might consider continued examination of RE and PPL following a HFM but alter the total volume load and or intensity of the exercise bout to perhaps elicit the desired response. The lipemic response of the obese young women in this study suggests that impairments in lipid profile may already be in effect; thus, further research must be done with this group (young women) to achieve more conclusive answers regarding possible causes and appropriate interventions. Another consideration may be to sample different time points. Although, the time points used in this study were based on available literature, perhaps sampling earlier in the post-exercise period may reveal additional insight regarding RE and the possible influence on lipemic response.

THE EFFECTS OF A SINGLE BOUT OF RESISTANCE EXERCISE ON MEASURES OF POSTPRANDIAL LIPEMIA, INFLAMMATION, AND ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION FOLLOWING A HIGH FAT MEAL IN LEAN AND OBESE YOUNG WOMEN Hayley Garner, M.S., 2011 Department of Kinesiology Exercise Physiology Laboratory Texas Christian University Thesis Advisor: Joel Mitchell, Ph.D. The present study determined the effects of an acute bout of resistance exercise on postprandial concentrations of TGs, inflammatory markers and on endothelial function in young, lean and obese women. Nine sedentary lean (20.22 + 1.20 years) and 10 sedentary obese (22.60 + 3.47 years) women participated in two experimental trials, a resistance exercise trial (EXS) and a resting control trial (CON). The following day they consumed a high-fat test meal after a 12-hour fast, followed by a 6-hour testing period. The lean group had a lower overall triglyceride response to the meal compared to the obese group (p=0.028) and all groups observed a postprandial triglyceride elevation. Both groups experienced an increase in artery dilation after the resistance exercise compared to the control trial (p=0.034). Only the obese group observed a significantly blunted IL-6 response due to the resistance exercise (p=0.019). The lean group had a significantly lower concentration of CRP compared the obese group across all time points (p=0.014). Furthermore, both the lean and obese groups in both conditions observed leukocytosis after the high-fat meal and throughout the test period (p=0.000). However, this elevation was blunted in the exercise trials in both groups. The results of this study suggest that even acute bouts of exercise can produce beneficial effects on inflammation in both lean and obese women. It also suggest that the negative effects of cardiovascular disease risk factors including postprandial hyperlipemia, increased postprandial inflammation and decreased postprandial endothelial function are seen in apparently healthy young women solely due to their obesity.

The purposes of the study were to; 1) examine how the upper limb segments make adjustments for throwing in order to compensate for a constrained distal and proximal segment; and 2) determine if trunk rotation or hand lag is the initial change toward a mature pattern of throw. Twenty one right hand dominant college age students (age 18-25) participated in this study. Participants were placed in three conditions. Condition 1 required participants to throw with their non dominant arm at their maximum throwing velocity without any constrainment. Participants performed 2 throwing sessions per week for a total of six sessions with 10 throwing trials per session. Condition 2 was identical to Condition 1 except that the hand was constrained during throwing trials. Condition 3 was identical to Condition 1 except that the trunk was constrained during throwing trials. A retention session with no constraints followed the six practice sessions. A WATSMART motion analysis system was used to collect data using infrared emitting diodes (IREDS) placed at five anatomical locations. Two separate two way MANOVAs (condition x session) were performed on dependant measures of Segmental lag, and peak velocity differences (hand - forearm, forearm - humerus, humerus - trunk). Follow up One way Univariate ANOVA served to identify the variables responsible for significant MANOVA. Results indicated that constrainment of distal and proximal ends of an open kinetic chain results in compensatory activity in free moving limb segments. When the trunk was constrained negative hand lag was maintained during practice sessions. When the hand was constrained humeral lag was consistently negative throughout all sessions. Results support the interactive nature of limb segments. It was concluded that development of throwing pattern follows a distal to proximal sequence.

This study examined the micro and macrostructures of oral fictional narratives produced by children with Down syndrome and examined the relation between oral fictional narrative skills and literacy skills within this population. Microstructure analysis revealed findings consistent with previous research regarding MLU-M and NDW. Further analysis of sentence complexity using the Narrative Assessment Protocol revealed a reliance on prepositional phrases and narratives that contained more nouns than verbs. Macrostructure analysis revealed the inclusion of concrete story grammar elements but lacked abstract concepts such as mental state references. Macrostructure was the only variable that came close to predicting reading comprehension, suggesting that metalinguistic awareness may be a better predictor of reading comprehension than microstructure analysis among children with Down syndrome. We conclude that strong correlations were found between literacy skills (word level reading and vocabulary) and narrative microstructure and macrostructure.