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Thesis (doctoral)--Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht. / "Stellingen": 2 leaves inserted. Extra t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Summary in French and German. Includes bibliographical references (p. [8]-15) and index.

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Les institutions canoniales italiennes ont peu suscité l’attention de l’historiographie. Le royaume d’Italie offre pourtant un terrain d’étude propice des effets de la réforme carolingienne de 816, par les riches fonds d’archives des cathédrales et des grandes collégiales urbaines. Ils constituent la base de cette étude, consacrée à une histoire sociale des institutions canoniales, dans les villes du royaume d’Italie. L’enquête part de l’institutio canonicorum de 816, et démontre que les Carolingiens entendaient par canonicus tout clerc qui n’avait pas fait de vœux. La nouvelle norme de vie visait donc l’ensemble du clergé, redéfini en tant qu’ordo canonicorum. Elle en redéfinissait les missions, centrées sur l’office des heures, et instituait la vie en communauté comme forme de vie généralisée. Sont ensuite envisagées l’institution de communautés de clercs répondant à cette norme auprès des églises des cités épiscopales, l’évolution de leurs formes et ses conséquences sur l’organisation ecclésiastique générale, jusqu’au milieu du XIe siècle. Une deuxième partie explore la dimension sociale de ces institutions : le niveau social des chanoines, issus de l’élite locale ; leurs fonctions, au service de la cité ; le poids et le rôle économique des chapitres, qui font partie, à partir de la deuxième moitié du Xe siècle, des seigneurs qui dominent la cité et son territoire ; leur poids politique enfin, en accordant une attention particulière aux compétitions économiques et institutionnelles auxquelles se livrent les chanoines en tant que groupe, contre l’évêque, une institution ecclésiastique, ou un groupe d’acteurs concurrent. À l’horizon 1050, terme de l’étude, le chapitre cathédral apparaît comme la troisième force de la cité, après l’évêque et le comte. / No study has focused on the italian chapters of canons between the beginning of the 9th and the middle of the 11th century. And yet, the Kingdom of Italy offers richer funds to evaluate the effects of the carolingian reform of 816, than, for instance, Francia. This study is focused on the social aspects of the new institution and her forms in the italian episcopal cities. In a first section, it deals with the institutio canonicorum of 816, and demonstrates that the so-called Aachen rule was intended for the whole clergy, redifined by the legislator as ordo canonicorum, as opposed to the ordo monachorum, on the basis of their way and norm of life : the canons. The Carolingians intended to reshape the missions of the clergy, centered on the celebration of the canonical hours, and to generalyze the common life, as the best guarantee for the moral standard and the purity of the clergy. The investigation then centers on the establishment of the new institution in the Kingdom of Italy, and the evolution of the institutionnal aspects of urban chapters of canons from the 820’s to the 1050’s. In a second section, it focuses on the social dimension of the institutions, exploring the social composition of the group of canons, members of the local elite ; their fonctions within the local society ; the growing economical and political weight of the chapter. Close attention is paid to the economical and institutionnal competitions in which the canons, as a group, are involved against their bishop, another religious institution, or a group of lay competitors. In the 1050’s, term of the investigation, the cathedral chapter appears as the third force in the city, after the count and the bishop.

Since its foundation between 1410 and 1414 the University of St Andrews has acquired what can be considered to be ‘artefacts of significance’. This somewhat nebulous phrase is used to denote items that have, for a variety of reasons, been deemed to have some special import by the University, and have been displayed or otherwise presented in a context in which this status has been made apparent. The types of artefacts in which particular meaning has been vested during the centuries under consideration include items of silver and gold (including the maces, sacramental vessels of the Collegiate Church of St Salvator, collegiate plate and relics of the Silver Arrow archery competition); church and college furnishings; artworks (particularly portraits); sculpture; and ethnographic specimens and other items described in University records as ‘curiosities’ held in the University Library from c. 1700-1838. The identification of particular artefacts as significant for certain reasons in certain periods, and their presentation and display, may to some extent reflect the University's values, preoccupations and aspirations in these periods, and, to some degree, its identity. Consciously or subconsciously, the objects can be employed or operate as signifiers of meaning, representing or reflecting matters such as the status, authority and history of the University, its breadth of learning and its interest and influence in spheres from science, art and world cultures to national affairs. This thesis provides a comprehensive examination of the growth and development of the University's holdings of 'artefacts of significance' from its foundation to the mid-19th century, and in some cases (especially portraits) beyond this date. It also offers insights into how the University viewed and presented these items and what this reveals about the University of St Andrews, its identity, which changed and developed as the living institution evolved, and the impressions that it wished to project.