Orientador: José Augusto Chinellato / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-29T05:01:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MedinaJaime_Miguel_D.pdf: 6686309 bytes, checksum: 48654e10cf1138cdc89eb810557a427d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A produção exclusiva de bósons Z é um processo difrativo, teoricamente representado pela troca de um objeto com os números quânticos do vácuo (pomeron- IP), o qual pode ser tratado no modelo padrão no enfoque do mecanismo de dipolo, via fotoprodução. A caraterística principal deste tipo de processo é que os dois prótons emergem intactos após a colisão com momentum transverso pequeno. Assim, os prótons são espalhados muito frontais e escapam à detecção., restandonos como criterio de e. Espera-se , onde um próton irradia um fóton virtual, o qual flutua para um par quark anti-quark os quais são espalhados elasticamente pela troca de dois glúons emergentes do outro próton, e se materializa num bóson Z. Além disso, os dois prótons emergem intactos após a colisão com momentum transverso pequeno, assim prótons são espalhados muito frontais e escapam à detecção. Portanto, o critério usado para a identificação de eventos exclusivos de bósons Z decaindo em par múons é o número de traços adicionais no vértice, mas ainda resta a possibilidade de haver uma dissociação de pelo menos um dos prótons. Neste caso, a medida da seção de choque respectiva será contaminada. São expostos três diferentes métodos para a pré-seleção des eventos contendo eventos exclusivos. A estratégia de análise proposta para selecionar eventos exclusivos é baseada no decaimento de bósons Z em pares ???? caraterizados por grande momento transverso, para o qual exploramos múons em uma região cinemática de momento transverso Pt(?)>20 GeV, massa invariante M(????)>40 GeV/c² e pseudo-rapidez |?|<2,5. Adicionalmente a estes cortes, exigimos "zero traços" extras no vértice e, por último que o par de múons sejam back-to-back com balanço no Pt. Nesta Tese se apresenta um estudo da produção exclusiva de bósons Z em colisões próton-próton para energias de centro de massa igual a ?s=7 TeV no experimento CMS/LHC. Esta análise foi feita usando simulações para processos de Drell-Yan, fotoprodução de múons e dados coletados pelo detector CMS de colisões próton-próton com ?s=7 TeV durante o ano de 2011, correspondendo a uma luminosidade integrada de 5,09 fb?¹. Nenhum excesso significante de sinal foi extraído nas produções exclusivas de fazemos uma estimativa de eventos esperados nas produções exclusiva e bósons. Nenhum candidato a bóson Z exclusivo foi possível de observar, isto devido ao fato da baixa estatística e o enorme background proveniente de processos de Drell-Yan., que mesmo sendo processos não exclusivos contaminarem nossa amostra de dados devido ao fato de que os prótons escapam de nossa detecção e o único critério de exclusividade é o de o número de traços extras no vertice do evento seja igual a zero, mas devido a que os prótons podem dissociar sim ser detetados e nós foi impossível dete devido a que assim prótons são espalhados muito frontais e escapam à detecção. Entretanto, a seção de choque para processos de produção exclusiva de bósons Z é encontrada a ser ?excl(Z?????)<13,3 fb para um nível de confiança de 95%. Este é o primeiro resultado preliminar para este tipo de processo na escala de energia de 7 TeV, onde cabe destacar que este limite foi melhorado com respeito a resultados publicados pela colaboração CDF para ?s = 1,9 TeV / Abstract: he exclusive Z boson production is a diffractive process theoretically represented by the exchange of an object with the quantum numbers of vacuum (pomeron-IP), which is predicted by the Standard Model in the dipole mechanism approach, via photoproduction. The main feature of this type of process is two forward outgoing protons intact after the collision with small transverse momentum, the protons are scattering very front and escape detection. Then, the approach taken to detect exclusive Z bosons events decaying in to muon pair is the number of additional tracks on the vertex, but there is still the possibility of dissociation of at least one proton, then the measurement of cross section will be contaminated. It's exposed three different methods for the pre-selection events containing exclusive Z bosons. The strategy proposed to exclusive selection events, is based on the decay of Z bosons on pairs ???? featured by large transverse momentum, for which we explored muons in a kinematic region with transverse momentum Pt(?)>20 GeV, Invariant mass M(????)>40 GeV/c² and pseudorapidity |?|<2,5. The additional cuts, require zero extra tracks on vertex and finally the pair of muons are back-to-back with momentum transverse conservation . This thesis presents a search for exclusive Z boson production in proton proton collisions at ?s=7 TeV center of mass energy in the experiment CMS/LHC. This analysis was made using simulations to Drell-Yan processes, photoproduction of muon and data collected by the CMS detector on proton proton collisions with ?s=7 TeV in 2011, for 5.09 fb?¹ integrated luminosity record. No exclusive Z????? candidates are observed, because low statistical and huge background contribution from Drell-Yan processes. But even so, the cross section for the exclusive Z bosons production is found to be ?excl(Z?????)<13.3 fb at 95% C.L. This is the first very preliminary results for 7 TeV, where we highlight that it limit has been improved respect to the results published by the CDF collaboration to ?s = 1.9 TeV / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências / 147301/2011-04 / CNPQ

La supersymétrie est une des théories privilégiées pour expliquer la physique au-delà du Modèle Standard. Le LHC, qui fonctionne à des énergies de centre de masse les plus élevées jusqu’à ce jour, procure une opportunité inégalée de vérifier si cette théorie existe. Le traitement des électrons de signal occupe une place importante dans la recherche de supersymétrie qui inclut des leptons (électrons et muons) dans les états finaux du détecteur ATLAS. En raison des nombreuses sources de di-leptons de charge opposée dans le Modèle Standard et de leur contribution significative dans la recherche de bruit de fond, l’identification de la charge des électrons revêt une très grande importance pour les processus qui impliquent des états finaux consistant en des paires de leptons de même signe. Une estimation du taux d’erreur d’identification de la charge des électrons est présentée au moyen d’une fonction de vraisemblance, une méthode qui a déjà depuis été utilisée avec succès par la communauté d’ATLAS afin d’estimer le bruit de fond dû à une erreur d’identification de charge des électrons. En revanche, les processus qui impliquent la production de paires de gluinos lourds sont fortement motivés par le problème de naturalité ainsi que par le fait que leurs sections efficaces de production sont élevées. Une recherche de paires de gluinos utilisant des données récoltées durant la période 2015-2016 à √s = 13 TeV et correspondant à une luminosité de 36.1 fb⁻¹ est présentée. Les particules à l'état final one une grande impulsion transverse et plusieurs jets sont présents, dont au moins trois doivent être des jets-b. Le canal leptonique, qui nécessite en plus au moins un lepton (un électron ou un muon), est discuté en détail, y compris le schéma de suppression de chevauchement entre jet et muon en fonction du p_T du muon ainsi que l'optimisation des régions de signal. Aucune découverte n'est revendiquée. Des limites indépendantes du modèle sont extraites sur la section efficace visible pour les nouveaux processus physiques, et des limites dépendantes du modèle sont extraites en fonction des masses du gluino et du neutralino. Les masses de gluinos inférieures à 1.97 TeV pour les masses de neutralinos inférieures à environ 300 GeV sont exclues avec un niveau de confiance de 95%, montrant une amélioration marquée par rapport à la même analyse en utilisant uniquement l'ensemble de données de 2015. Les désintégrations de quarks top boostés, dans laquelle les particules filles des quarks top se trouvent près les uns des autres, vont se produire plus fréquemment dans Run 2 car l’énergie du centre-de-masse du LHC a subi une mise à niveau à 13 TeV à partir du début de 2015. Dans les recherches qui impliquent des particules supersymétriques se désintégrant en quarks top, ces désintégrations conduisent à une augmentation considérable de l'acceptation du signal lorsque des électrons se chevauchant avec des jets sont acceptés. Une discussion de la méthode et de la mesure initiale des efficacités d'identification pour les électrons se chevauchant avec des jets est présentée, représentant la première tentative de telles mesures pour les électrons produits à l'intérieur des quarks top boostés. / Supersymmetry is currently the leading candidate for physics beyond the Standard Model. The LHC, operating as the highest centre-of-mass energy collider to date, has been providing physicists with ample opportunities for verifying if supersymmetry exists. The treatment of signal electrons represents a significant part in searches for supersymmetry that involve leptons (electrons and muons) in the final state at ATLAS. In processes that can yield a final state that consists of a pair of same-sign leptons, correct electron charge measurement is extremely important, because of the potentially large contribution to the background due to (overwhelmingly) large Standard Model sources of opposite-sign dileptons. An estimation of the rate of electron charge mis-identification by a likelihood function is presented; the method has been applied to correct simulation predictions for mis-identification rates by the ATLAS collaboration. On the other hand, processes that target gluino pair-production are highly motivated by the naturalness problem and their high cross-section at the LHC. A search on the data collected in the 2015-2016 period, at √s = 13 TeV and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb⁻¹, is presented. The final state consists of large missing transverse momentum and multiple jets, of which at least three must be b-jets. The leptonic channel, which requires in addition at least one lepton (an electron or a muon), is discussed in detail, including the boosted p_T-dependent muon-jet overlap-removal scheme used in the analysis as well as the optimization of the signal regions. No discovery is claimed. Model-independent limits are set on the visible cross-section for new physics processes, and model-dependent limits are set for gluino and neutralino masses. Gluino masses of less than 1.97 TeV for neutralino masses below approximately 300 GeV are excluded at the 95% CL, showing an improvement over the same analysis using the 2015 dataset alone. Boosted top quark decays, in which the daughter particles of the top quarks are found close to each other, were expected to occur more frequently as the centre-of-mass of the LHC underwent an upgrade to 13 TeV starting early 2015. In supersymmetry searches that involve supersymmetric particles decaying into the Standard Model top quarks, such decays lead to a considerable increase in signal acceptance as electrons overlapping with jets are selected. A discussion of the method and the initial measurement of the identification efficiencies for electrons overlapping with jets is presented, representing the first attempt at such measurements for electrons produced inside boosted top quarks.

GranCloud is new application for the generation of real-time granular synthesis in the SuperCollider programming environment. Although the software was initially programmed for use in the interactive composition Creo, it was implemented as an independent program for use in any computer music project. GranCloud consists of a set of SuperCollider classes representing granular clouds and parameter objects defining control data for the synthesis. The software is very flexible, allowing users to create their own grain synthesis definitions and control parameters. Cloud objects encapsulate all of the control data and methods necessary to render virtually any type of granular synthesis. Parameter objects provide several simple methods for mapping grain parameters to complex changing data sets or to external data sources. GranCloud simplifies the complex task of generating granular synthesis, allowing composers to focus less on technological issues and more on musical considerations during the compositional process.

Heavy Neutral Leptons (HNLs) are the heavier counterparts of the light neutrinos of the Standard Model of particle physics. HNLs can simultaneously solve several of the problems the Standard Model cannot yet resolve, one example being that they provide a candidate for Dark Matter. This thesis work aims to shed light on the nature of HNLs and study the displaced signature the particle gives rise to at colliders. The collider of interest is the Future Circular Collider that will be colliding electrons and positrons and the signal studied is the production of an HNL and a light neutrino from an intermediate Z boson, produced from the collision of an electron and a positron. The event generation was set up through MadGraph and PYTHIA and for the detector simulations DELPHES was used. Validation of three HNL samples were carried out in a standalone framework and in the FCC framework. The samples were validated by comparing theoretically calculated lifetimes with the lifetimes attained by simulation. Kinematic studies of the transverse momentum of the HNL and its decay particles showed correlation to the mass of the HNL. Reconstruction of the number of tracks created by the HNL decay was possible and the results of two track dominance were found to correlate with theory. For the vertexing study, the reconstruction of the production vertex of the decay particles was possible where displaced vertices were observed, hence proving the possibility of implementing displaced signatures in the FCC framework for the very first time. The next step in this trajectory of the study would be to investigate vertex fitting of the reconstructed vertices in order to carry out tracking studies of the HNL. This work hence sets the foundation for further exploration of HNLs and provides stepping stones for the possibility of discovery of HNLs in the FCC-ee.

Cette thèse présente une étude de la production de boson de Higgs dans les collisions proton-proton à sqrt(s) = 13 TeV enregistrées avec le détecteur CMS au Grand collisionneur de hadrons (LHC) du CERN, exploitant la voie de désintégration en une paire de bosons Z qui se désintègrent à leur tour en paires d’électrons ou de muons (H->ZZ->4l, l = e,mu).Ce travail s’inscrit dans le contexte du début du Run II du LHC, une nouvelle période de prise de données qui a commencé en 2015 après une interruption de deux ans. Ce redémarrage est marqué par une augmentation de l’énergie dans le centre de masse de 8 TeV à 13 TeV et un resserrement de l’espacement entre paquets de protons de 50 ns à 25 ns. Ces nouveaux paramètres augmentent à la fois la luminosité et placent des contraintes inédites sur le déclenchement, la reconstruction et l’analyse des données de collisions pp. Un effort important est donc consacré à l’amélioration et la réoptimisation du système de déclenchement de CMS pour le Run II, en mettant l’accent sur la reconstruction et la sélection des électrons et sur la préparation de chemins de déclenchement multi-leptons préservant une efficacité maximale pour le canal H->ZZ->4l.Dans un second temps, les algorithmes de sélection hors-ligne des électrons et des muons sont optimisés et leurs efficacités sont mesurées dans les données, tandis que la logique de sélection des candidats à quatre leptons est améliorée. Afin d’extraire des modes de production rares du boson de Higgs tels que la fusion de bosons vecteurs, la production par « Higgsstrahlung » VH et la production associée ttH, une nouvelle répartition des événements sélectionnés en catégories exclusives est introduite, fondée sur des discriminants utilisant le calcul d’éléments de matrice et l’étiquetage de saveur des jets.Les résultats de l’analyse des premières données à 13 TeV sont présentés pour des lots de données enregistrés en 2015 et au début de 2016, qui correspondent à des luminosités intégrées respectives de 2.8 fb-1 and 12.9 fb-1. Le boson de Higgs est redécouvert de façon indépendante à la nouvelle énergie. L’intensité du signal relative à la prédiction du modèle standard, la masse et la largeur de désintégration du boson sont mesurées, ainsi qu’un jeu de paramètres contrôlant les contributions des principaux modes de production attendus. Tous les résultats sont en bon accord avec les prévisions du modèle standard pour un boson de Higgs à 125 GeV, aux incertitudes de mesure près, ces dernières étant dominées par la composante statistique avec l’échantillon de données actuel. Enfin, une autre résonance se désintégrant en quatre leptons est recherchée à haute masse, et aucun excès significatif n’est observé. / This thesis reports a study of Higgs boson production in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 13 TeV recorded with the CMS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), exploiting the decay channel into a pair of Z bosons that in turn decay into pairs of electrons or muons (H->ZZ->4l, l = e,mu).This work is carried out in the context of the beginning of Run II of the LHC, a new data-taking period that started in 2015, following a two-year-long shutdown. This restart is marked by an increase of the centre-of-mass energy from 8 TeV to 13 TeV, and a narrowing of the spacing of proton bunches from 50 ns to 25 ns. These new parameters both increase the luminosity and set new constraints on the triggering, reconstruction and analysis of pp collision events. Therefore, considerable effort is devoted to the improvement and reoptimization of the CMS trigger system for Run II, focusing on the reconstruction and selection of electrons and on the preparation of multilepton trigger paths that preserve a maximal efficiency for the H->ZZ->4l channel.Secondly, the offline algorithms for electron and muon selection are optimized and their efficiencies are measured in data, while the selection logic of four-lepton candidates is improved. In order to extract rare production modes of the Higgs boson such as vector boson fusion, VH associated production and ttH associated production, a new classification of selected events into exclusive categories is introduced, using discriminants based on matrix-element calculations and jet flavour tagging.Results of the analysis of first 13 TeV data are presented for two data sets recorded in 2015 and early 2016, corresponding to integrated luminosities of 2.8 fb-1 and 12.9 fb-1, respectively. A standalone rediscovery of the Higgs boson in the four-lepton channel is achieved at the new energy. The signal strength relative to the standard model prediction, the mass and decay width of the boson, and a set of parameters describing the contributions of its main predicted production modes are measured. All results are in good agreement with standard model expectations for a 125 GeV Higgs boson within the incertainties, which are dominated by their statistical component with the current data set. Finally, a search for an additional high-mass resonance decaying to four leptons is performed, and no significant excess is observed.

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A search for a heavy new particle Y decaying to a Standard Model Higgs boson H and another new particle X is presented. The search is performed using 139 fb−1 of p−p collision data at √s = 13 TeV recorded by the ATLAS detector. The H boson is identified through its decays to bb, with the only assumption applied to X being that it decays hadronically. The X is identified through a novel anomaly detection method via the use of a Variational Recurrent Neural Network trained directly on data collected by the ATLAS detector. This effort marks the first application of a fully unsupervised machine learning method to an ATLAS analysis. An additional benchmark based on interpreting the Y → XH process in the context of a heavy vector triplet model in which the X decays to two quarks defines an additional signal region in which upper limits on the HVT process cross section are reported at 95% confidence level.

In this thesis, we review the basics of phenomenology in particle physics at neutrino beam dump experiments and hadron colliders. We then consider the phenomenology of various new particles, with masses between 1 MeV and 1 TeV, at the intensity and energy frontiers. We perform sensitivity analyses for physics beyond the standard model at particle colliders (LEP and LHC) and a number of past and future neutrino beam dump experiments (SHiP, DUNE, LSND, MicroBooNE, MiniBooNE and SBND). In particular, we motivate searches for new heavy neutral leptons in single photon events at neutrino and collider experiments (and also via supernova cooling), millicharged particles in single electron events at neutrino experiments, lepton flavor violating scalars via standard model induced mixed flavor neutrino trident production at neutrino experiments, and colored scalar doublets at colliders in events with many jets, soft leptons and low missing energy. In the process, we set novel new bounds on the parameters of these theories and propose powerful new searches that can be performed. We also motivate the construction of a new detector at the LHC called milliQan, and perform a full Geant4 simulation to calculate its projected sensitivity for millicharged particles. The milliQan experiment has since been approved and is currently undergoing construction. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / In this thesis, we review the basics of particle physics at neutrino experiments and particle colliders. We then motivate and develop key searches that can be performed to look for new particles at a series of existing and future experiments. We focus on new particles with masses between the electron mass and 1000 times the proton mass. The many searches we consider involve looking for processes that produce a single ray of light, a single electron, a pair of oppositely charged "electron-like" events, new collider signatures, and/or modifications of star explosions. In the process, we set novel new bounds on many theories. We also motivate the construction of a new detector at the Large Hadron Collider called milliQan, and perform a full simulation to assess its future performance. The milliQan experiment has since been approved and is currently undergoing construction.