京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第25149号 / 理博第5056号 / 新制||理||1721(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 杉浦 秀樹, 教授 村山 美穂, 教授 平田 聡 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

<p>Predmet disertacije jeste optimizacija digitalne slike kada<br />ograničenje nije vezano za način reprodukcije već za samog posmatrača,<br />odnosno optimizacija opaženog kvaliteta digitalne slike od strane<br />osoba sa poremećajima viđenja boja. Predloženi model optimizacije<br />slike poboljšava distinkciju boja i opseg boja slike za korisnike sa<br />različitim težinama poremećaja viđenja boja uz očuvanje prirodnosti<br />slike. Metodološki okvir ispitivanja, koji uključuje kvantitativnu<br />analizu računarskih simulacija, analizu eye-tracking podataka i<br />subjektivno ocenjivanje poboljšanja opaženog kvaliteta test slika,<br />daje sistematičnu i pouzdanu verifikaciju efektnosti predloženih<br />metoda adaptacije boja slike.</p> / <p>The subject of the thesis was the digital image optimization when an<br />observer represents the main image reproduction limitation or, in other<br />words, the optimization of the perceived image quality by individuals with<br />colour vision deficiencies. The proposed image optimization model enhances<br />colour distinction and gamut for users with different severities of colourblindness<br />while preserving the image naturalness. The used methodological<br />framework, including a quantitative analysis of computer simulations, an<br />analysis of eye-tracking data and a subjective evaluation of the perceived<br />image quality, provides systematic and reliable effectiveness verification of<br />the proposed colour adaptation methods.</p>

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o uso da cor em ambientes internos industriais, sendo regidos por legislação e normatização específicas, uma vez que envolvem atividade de trabalho humano. Numa primeira etapa é apresentada pesquisa bibliográfica com intuito de caracterizar as exigências legais que definem o uso da cor para estes ambientes. Identifica-se a legislação relacionada à Segurança do Trabalho, de abrangência nacional -- em conformidade com o Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego; e outras de abrangência mais restrita. Por exemplo, o contexto estadual de São Paulo, que disciplina orientações do Corpo de Bombeiros e Centro de Vigilância Sanitária da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde. Sob a ótica da Segurança do Trabalho, são avaliadas a aplicação de cores em: máquinas, equipamentos, elementos construtivos, indicação de localização de equipamentos e sinalização de segurança. O uso de vários matizes para situações distintas propicia ao trabalhador o reconhecimento de vários cenários por meio de padronização de informação; possibilitando-lhe tomar ciência da presença de um material e os riscos e perigos a ele relacionados. Paralelamente, o presente estudo compreendeu pesquisa de campo para efeito de registros fotográficos de ambientes de trabalho: isto foi feito para exemplificar os tópicos estudados. Ao considerar a presença do trabalhador, percebe-se que entender visão de cores torna-se primordial para melhor avaliar a eficácia da sinalização e de outras informações relativas à cor existentes no ambiente de trabalho. Assim, foram analisadas a resposta fisiológica do organismo diante da cor para pessoas de visão normal e exigências relativas às atividades ou tarefas desempenhadas pelo trabalhador em condições de exposição à sinalização. Neste percurso foram ainda verificados aspectos relativos à classificação e nomenclatura das cores. Como resultado, a análise sustentou -- ou não --a aplicação de determinado matiz para situações específicas. Nas considerações finais, o foco está na obrigatoriedade do uso da cor relacionado à Segurança e a sinalização recomendada para advertir sobre os riscos existentes, sem considerar a particularidades das atividades e tarefas a serem desempenhadas e as características de cada indivíduo. Conclui-se que quanto mais informação houver a respeito dos agentes que compõem um determinado sistema, mais assertivamente será possível indicar soluções de aplicação de cor no ambiente de trabalho. / The objective of this work was to analyze the usage of colour at industrial environments which follow strict rules because there are workers involved in. At first a bibliographical research was developed to recognize the legal requirement that define the use of colours in such environments. There are rules related to Occupational Safety that are mandatory nationwide, according to the Ministry of Labor and Employment, and other rules which are more restrict. For example, in the State of Sao Paulo, there are rules that instruct the Fire Department and the Health Surveillance Center. Under the perspectives of Occupational Safety, the use of colours on machines, equipments, building components and safety systems and principles of signaling were evaluated. The use of hues in different situations enables the worker the recognition sceneries due to the standardized information, making him be aware of the presence of a certain material and the risks and hazard that are related to it. This work also embodied a practical research to take photographs of different work rooms to show the studied topics. When the presence of a worker is considered, it is possible to realize that understanding about colour vision is essential to verify signallig performance and more information about colour where people work. So, the physiological answers to colour were studied considering people with normal vision and their necessary behaviour in certain situations that involved signaling while they were working. During this study the qualification of colours and their given names were verified. As a result, the analysis sustained - or not - the application of a certain hue in a certain situation. In the final analysis the focus was on the compulsory use of colour related to Occupational Safety and the recommended signaling to advise workers against existing risks without considering the specific aspect of each task that a worker can develop and his particular characteristics. The conclusion shows that the more available information a professional can get about a system, the more assertive solutions about the use of colour at work environment will be reached.

It is well known that the colour preferences of ganglion and LGN cells do not match the four perceptually simple colours red, green blue and yellow. It is also known that although colour perception is distorted in the peripheral visual field, there are four hues that appear stable with eccentricity. These are defined as peripherally invariant hues. Both of these observations must in some way reflect the physiological substrate of neurons at different stages of the primary visual pathway. The experiments described here are aimed at understanding the link between the physiology and the perception of colour by studying the characteristics of peripheral colour visionThe following questions have been addressed; i) to what extent does colour matching rely on the retinal physiological substrate? ii) what is the reason for the discrepancy between invariant and unique green and how is cone contrast linked to this paradox? iii) how are the `special' hues (invariant and unique) related to human evolution? iv) how does peripheral colour vision vary between males and females?An asymmetric colour matching paradigm and a colour naming task have been employed. In the colour matching task, 24 chromatic axes of variable purity are used. Observers match the chromaticity of a 3 degree peripheral spot with that of a 1 degree parafoveal spot. The results are expressed in terms of hue rotation, saturation match and cone contrast. In the colour naming experiment the observers name 40 chromatic axes as either red, blue, green or yellow and colour naming functions are derived. The central maxima of these functions are defined as the unique hues. The results suggest that colour matching and cone opponency reflect the characteristics of the retinal neural network as they exhibit nasal-temporal asymmetries, similar to known physiological asymmetries. Although three of the peripherally invariant hues match the unique counterparts, invariant and unique green are markedly different for all observers. In an important control experiment unique hues are shown to be stable with eccentricity and purity. This confirms that these attributes are not confounding factors for the observed discrepancy between invariant and unique green. Unlike for the other 'special' hues the RMS cone contrast of invariant green differs markedly between parafoveal and peripheral targets. It is likely that the cone contrast remains unchanged only if the stimuli excite the same number of cones. Two invariant and two unique hues (blue and yellow) fall on the daylight locus suggesting that discrimination in these regions of the colour space is strongly influenced by terrestrial illumination. Moreover, the inter-individual variability is found to be minimised around the daylight locus showing that the blue-yellow system is more stable across colour normal populations than the red-green system. A statistically significant difference is demonstrated between the peripheral colour vision of males and females. This may be attributed to the M-cone polymorphism which in addition to X-chromosome inactivation, results in more than three cone types in the female retina.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o uso da cor em ambientes internos industriais, sendo regidos por legislação e normatização específicas, uma vez que envolvem atividade de trabalho humano. Numa primeira etapa é apresentada pesquisa bibliográfica com intuito de caracterizar as exigências legais que definem o uso da cor para estes ambientes. Identifica-se a legislação relacionada à Segurança do Trabalho, de abrangência nacional -- em conformidade com o Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego; e outras de abrangência mais restrita. Por exemplo, o contexto estadual de São Paulo, que disciplina orientações do Corpo de Bombeiros e Centro de Vigilância Sanitária da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde. Sob a ótica da Segurança do Trabalho, são avaliadas a aplicação de cores em: máquinas, equipamentos, elementos construtivos, indicação de localização de equipamentos e sinalização de segurança. O uso de vários matizes para situações distintas propicia ao trabalhador o reconhecimento de vários cenários por meio de padronização de informação; possibilitando-lhe tomar ciência da presença de um material e os riscos e perigos a ele relacionados. Paralelamente, o presente estudo compreendeu pesquisa de campo para efeito de registros fotográficos de ambientes de trabalho: isto foi feito para exemplificar os tópicos estudados. Ao considerar a presença do trabalhador, percebe-se que entender visão de cores torna-se primordial para melhor avaliar a eficácia da sinalização e de outras informações relativas à cor existentes no ambiente de trabalho. Assim, foram analisadas a resposta fisiológica do organismo diante da cor para pessoas de visão normal e exigências relativas às atividades ou tarefas desempenhadas pelo trabalhador em condições de exposição à sinalização. Neste percurso foram ainda verificados aspectos relativos à classificação e nomenclatura das cores. Como resultado, a análise sustentou -- ou não --a aplicação de determinado matiz para situações específicas. Nas considerações finais, o foco está na obrigatoriedade do uso da cor relacionado à Segurança e a sinalização recomendada para advertir sobre os riscos existentes, sem considerar a particularidades das atividades e tarefas a serem desempenhadas e as características de cada indivíduo. Conclui-se que quanto mais informação houver a respeito dos agentes que compõem um determinado sistema, mais assertivamente será possível indicar soluções de aplicação de cor no ambiente de trabalho. / The objective of this work was to analyze the usage of colour at industrial environments which follow strict rules because there are workers involved in. At first a bibliographical research was developed to recognize the legal requirement that define the use of colours in such environments. There are rules related to Occupational Safety that are mandatory nationwide, according to the Ministry of Labor and Employment, and other rules which are more restrict. For example, in the State of Sao Paulo, there are rules that instruct the Fire Department and the Health Surveillance Center. Under the perspectives of Occupational Safety, the use of colours on machines, equipments, building components and safety systems and principles of signaling were evaluated. The use of hues in different situations enables the worker the recognition sceneries due to the standardized information, making him be aware of the presence of a certain material and the risks and hazard that are related to it. This work also embodied a practical research to take photographs of different work rooms to show the studied topics. When the presence of a worker is considered, it is possible to realize that understanding about colour vision is essential to verify signallig performance and more information about colour where people work. So, the physiological answers to colour were studied considering people with normal vision and their necessary behaviour in certain situations that involved signaling while they were working. During this study the qualification of colours and their given names were verified. As a result, the analysis sustained - or not - the application of a certain hue in a certain situation. In the final analysis the focus was on the compulsory use of colour related to Occupational Safety and the recommended signaling to advise workers against existing risks without considering the specific aspect of each task that a worker can develop and his particular characteristics. The conclusion shows that the more available information a professional can get about a system, the more assertive solutions about the use of colour at work environment will be reached.

Four studies including ten experiments adresses interrelations between some major and classical issues in visual perception: 3-D perception, colour constancy, colour perception and colour vision deficiencies. The main experimental paradigm to investigate the issues is within that of simulated shape from shading. 3-D impressions are induced by projecting space-modulated illuminations onto flat surfaces (displays), varying the colours and layout of the displays and the colour and modulation of the illumination. Study I includes four experiments investigating three types of space- modulated illumination. All experiments confirmed earlier findings that chromatic colour and complex display layout with reflectance edges crossed by illumination edges enhances shape from shading. In Study II the impressions of shape from shading and real 3-D objects were compared between persons with deutan colour vision deficiencies and normals. As predicted, the deutans show fewer and less distinct 3-D impressions in situations with their specific "problem colours" red and green. They also show a generally lower tendency for 3-D impressions, interpreted as a generally weaker colour constancy. Study III presents the AMBEGUJAS phenomenon; a novel twofold ambiguous shape from shading situation, continuously alternating between two different 3-D impressions coupled with different colour attributions. One solution is of an object with two clear surface colours, the other one of an object with greyish (desaturated) colours in coloured illumination which means classical colour constancy. The phenomenon illustrates the visual processes of separating reflectance and illumination characteristics and may provide a useful experimental setting to study colour constancy. In Study IV the AMBEGUJAS phenomenon is found to be robust as to chromaticness and different luminance contrasts for both normals and deutans. However, the deutans show slower shifts between percepts and a less pronounced desaturation of colour, which indicates a weaker colour constancy. The studies add evidence to the contribution of colour to 3-D shape perception, validated in a novel way by the results on "colour-blinds". The AMBEGUJAS phenomenon provides further support that the factors affecting shape from shading and the deutans different impressions are to be understood with reference to colour constancy. The deutans different impressions compared to normals are remarkable per se, but probably with very limited implications to everyday life. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå university, 1996, härtill 4 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu

The overall objective of this thesis was to understand better the mechanisms that shape the diversity in colour vision of fish, and to explore the adaptive significance of this divergence. Among the vertebrates, teleost fish show the greatest diversity in colour vision systems. The cichlid model system illustrates that the visual system of fish may differ among species, sexes, individuals, and life stages of individuals. The large number of available cone opsin genes, which have resulted from multiple opsin gene duplications, facilitates this high degree of variation in the mechanisms of colour vision. In general, cichlids possessed complements of four to five cone pigments, and these complements varied across species, sexes, and individuals. Additionally, lens transmission, cone pigment expression, post-receptoral sensitivity, and retinal circuitry differed across life stages of individuals. My results suggest that the diversification of colour vision across species and across life stages of individuals contributes to sensory adaptations that enhance both the contrast of zooplanktonic prey, and the detection of optical signals from conspecifics. Therefore, both natural and sexual selection may have worked in concert to shape colour vision in fish. Since light is more complex under water than on land, fish required four to six cone classes to reconstruct the colour signals reflected from aquatic objects. This suggests that the large number of cone pigments in fish have likely evolved to enhance the reconstruction of the complex colour-signals in aquatic environments. Taken together, these findings improve our understanding of the variable nature of fish colour vision, and, more generally, help unravel the evolution of photoreceptors and colour vision. / Thesis (Ph.D, Biology) -- Queen's University, 2012-05-14 13:16:50.276

The current knowledge of the visual pathways in primates includes the patterns of projection from the retina through the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) to the striate cortex (V1) and the extra-striate projections towards the dorsal and ventral streams. Cells with short wavelength sensitive cone (S-cone) inputs in the dLGN have been studied extensively in New World marmosets but not in Old World macaques. This thesis presents results from studies in the macaque monkey which are more relevant to humans since humans are closer in evolution to Old World than New World monkeys. / The spatial, temporal, chromatic and orientation preferences of neurons in the dLGN of the macaque were investigated by electrophysiological methods. The physiological findings of cells with S-cone inputs were compared to cells with opponent inputs from the long and medium wavelength sensitive cones (L-cones & M-cones, respectively). The cells receiving S-cone inputs (blue-yellow or B-Y cells) preferred lower spatial frequencies than the cells with opponent L-cone and M-cone inputs (red-green or R-G cells). Orthodromic latencies from optic chiasm stimulation were measured where possible to distinguish differences in conduction velocity between the cell groups. Although the B-Y cells usually had longer latencies than R-G cells, there wasconsiderable overlap between the cell groups. / The recorded cells were localised through histological reconstruction of dLGN sections stained for Nissl substance. The distribution of B-Y cells within the dLGN was compared to the distribution of R-G cells. The majority of B-Y cells were located within the intercalated koniocellular layers as well as the koniocellular bridges (extensions of the koniocellular layers into the adjacent parvocellular layers). The B-Y cells were also largely segregated within the middle dLGN layers (K3, P3, K4 & P4). The R-G cells were mainly concentrated within the parvocellular layers (P3, P4, P5 & P6) and were evenly distributed throughout the middle and outer layers of the dLGN. / The study also included recordings from the extra-striate middle temporal area (MT) to determine whether a fast S-cone input exists from the dLGN to area MT which bypasses V1. The pattern of cone inputs to area MT neurons was investigated before and during inactivation of V1. The inactivation was done through reversible cooling with a Peltier thermocouple device or focal inactivation with y-amino butyric acid (GABA) iontophoresis. Precise inactivation of V1 to the topographically matching visual fields of the recording sites in area MT revealed a preservation of all three coneinputs in many cells. The subcortical sources of these preserved inputs are discussed with their relevance to blindsight, which is the limited retention of visual perception after V1 damage. Analysis of the latencies of area MT cells revealed a rough segregation into latencies faster or slower than 70 ms. Cells both with and without a significant change in response during V1 inactivation were present in each group. The findings reported in this thesis indicate that some of the preserved inputs in area MT during V1 inactivation may be carried by a direct input from the dLGN which bypasses V1.

Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso