Orientador: Caio Glauco Sanchez / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T22:05:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_NerivaldoRodriguesda_M.pdf: 4894128 bytes, checksum: 69ef45ea8aa8986f3f2bb33a0866b270 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Neste trabalho buscou-se desenvolver um método para a determinação da potência indicada em motores de combustão interna e medição da pressão de combustão com um osciloscópio. Para isto é necessário conhecer a curva de pressão de combustão do cilindro em função d posição angular do virabrequim e os dados da geometria do mecanismo biela-manivela. Utilizou-se a pressão de combustão do cilindro para calcular o trabalho transferido pelo gás ao pistão do motor. A pressão de combustão foi medida com um transdutor de pressão piezoelétrico. O efeito piezoelétrico é devido ao fenômeno que ocorre com o cristal de quartzo que quando submetido a uma pressão gera uma carga elétrica. Essa carga é convertida em um sinal de tensão linear e proporcional. Este sinal pode ser analisado por um osciloscópio ou ser condicionado por um sistema de aquisição de dados. Obtidos os dados, estes foram analisados através dos diagramas Log P-Log v, para verificar sua qualidade e se representavam o fenômeno físico medido. A curva da pressão do cilindro versus volume calculado foram plotadas, gerando os diagramas P-v. A área do diagrama P-v durante o tempo de compressão e expansão, que corresponde ao trabalho indicado liquido, foi determinada por integração numérica. A pressão média indicada calculada foi comparada com o valor obtido com o indicador de pressão Indiset 620 da AVL e apresentou resultado satisfatório. Os demais resultados obtidos foram analisados e comparados com os dados da revisão da literatura e apresentaram uma boa concordância. As tecnologias disponíveis para medição da pressão de combustão e os métodos para avaliação da performance são de maior importância para o estudo do processo da combustão, visando o desenvolvimento de motores com alta potência, baixo consumo de combustíveis e baixas emissões tóxicas dos gases de escapamento / Abstract: In this thesis, we were looking for a method to determinate the indicated power in a combustion engine and measurement of combustion pressure using an oscilloscope. To achieve that, it was necessary to know the curve of combustion pressure for each cylinder according to the crankshaft 's angular position and geometric data of connecting rod and crank shaft¿s mechanism. We used the cylinder¿s combustion pressure to calculate the work transferred by the gas to the engine¿s piston. The combustion pressure was measured by a piezoelectric pressure transducer. The piezoelectric effect occurs when a crystal of quartz, that under a certain pressure, generates an electrical signal. This signal is converted to a proportional and linear signal that can be analyzed by an oscilloscope or a data acquisition system. Once we obtained the data, we analyzed it thru a Log P-Log v diagram, verifying its quality and if it represents the measured physical effect. The curve of cylinder¿s pressure versus calculated area was plotted, generating the P-v diagrams. The diagram P-v area, during a certain time of compression and expansion, which correspond to the work indicated, was originated of a numerical integration. The indicated and calculated average pressure was compared to the value obtained from an AVL¿s Indiset 620 pressure indicator, showing satisfactory results. All the other results obtained were analyzed and compared to literature¿s revision data showing a good concordance. The available technologies to measure the combustion pressure and the methods to check performance, are very important to study the combustion process, aiming the development of higher power engines, lower consumption of fuel and lower toxic gas emission / Mestrado / Termica e Fluidos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

This thesis details a process for the development of reliable metrics that could be used to assess the quality of combustion pressure measurement data - important data used in the development of internal combustion engines. The approach that was employed in this study was a model based technique, in conjunction with a simulation environment - producing data based models from a number of strategically defined measurement points. A simulation environment was used to generate error data sets, from which models of calculated result responses were built. This data was then analysed to determine the results with the best response to error stimulation. The methodology developed allows a rapid prototyping phase where newly developed result calculations may be simulated, tested and evaluated quickly and efficiently. Adopting these newly developed processes and procedures, allowed an effective evaluation of several groups of result classifications, with respect to the major sources of error encountered in typical combustion measurement procedures. In summary, the output gained from this work was that certain result groups could be stated as having an unreliable response to error simulation and could therefore be discounted quickly. These results were clearly identifiable from the data and hence, for the given errors, alternative methods to identify the error sources are proposed within this thesis. However, other results had a predictable response to certain error stimuli, hence; it was feasible to state the possibility of using these results in data quality assessment, or at least establishing any boundaries surrounding their application for this usage. Interactions in responses were also clearly visible using the model based sensitivity analysis as proposed. The output of this work provides a solid foundation of information from which further work and investigation would be feasible, in order to achieve an ultimate goal of a full set of metrics from which combustion data quality could be accurately and objectively assessed.

The subject of this diploma thesis is the creation of a spark ignition thermodynamics model using pressure data measured on the actual engine. The model made in Matlab programming language combines Wiebe function for fuel energy release and Woschni correlation for heat transfer between in-cylinder gasses and cylinder walls. The created model contains compression and expansion stroke only, that's why are conditions at the start of compression and total heat addition calculated by measured pressure data from Skoda 1.0 MPI engine. Creation of transparent model by Matlab scripts enables other users to understand the basics of „zero-dimensional“ thermodynamics models properly, which are used by number of commercial solvers such as GT-Power simulation software. First part of this thesis deals with fundamental laws of heat addition and heat transfer, description of equations for its modelling and application. The major section is devoted to Matlab model, where defined input parameters are mentioned, description of model operation and model parameters influence study. Next parts develops issues of combustion pressure measurement and creation of engine simulation by GT-Power software used for comparison with Matlab model. In the thesis conclusion are simulations and actual engine data differences discussed.

This thesis deals with two-stroke engine design modifications to enhance its performance parameters. The introduction summarizes the various solutions of two-stroke engines. The next part deals with design modifications of the engine power, their implementation and subsequent modification. The work includes strain and stress analysis of the piston, which includes a complete indication of pressures in two-stroke engine. The achieved results of FEM analysis were used to design better piston geometry.

Cette étude s’inscrit dans le cadre de la sûreté de l’installation ITER. En effet, des études d’accidentologie concernant cette installation ont permis de mettre à jour un risque d’explosion de mélanges à base d’hydrogène et de poussières. L’objectif de la thèse est d’acquérir les données fondamentales caractérisant l’explosion de ces mélanges diphasiques permettant ainsi d’évaluer les pressions générées par une éventuelle explosion des poussières qu’elle soit concomitante on non à celle de l’hydrogène. Pour se faire, des expériences, en bombe sphérique, ont été réalisées concernant des mélanges gazeux hydrogène - oxygène - azote. Les expériences ont été accomplies pour des températures de 303 et 343 K et des pressions de 50 et 100 kPa pour différentes concentrations en hydrogène et différents rapports N2/O2 dans le mélange. Les paramètres de caractérisation de l’explosion de ces mélanges ont été déterminés tels que la pression maximale de combustion (PMAX), l’indice de déflagration (KG ou KST), le temps de combustion (tC), la vitesse fondamentale de flamme (SL°) et la longueur de Markstein (LB). Une modélisation cinétique de la vitesse de flamme utilisant le code COSILAB a été réalisée, permettant de déduire la vitesse fondamentale de flamme sur la base de trois mécanismes cinétiques détaillés de la littérature. Celle-ci a permis l’évaluation de l’énergie d’activation globale sur la base du modèle cinétique présentant le meilleur accord avec l’expérience. De plus des calculs thermodynamiques à l’équilibre ont été réalisés afin de comparer les pressions maximales de combustion aux valeurs théoriques. Pour les mélanges diphasiques, un nouveau système d’introduction des poussières a été mis en place et des expériences caractérisant les paramètres d’explosion de ces mélanges ont été réalisées dans la bombe sphérique. Celles-ci ont permis de mettre en exergue le fait qu’une explosion de poussières, sous certaines conditions peut-être concomitante à une explosion d’hydrogène. / The context of the study is the safety of the ITER installation. Indeed, studies have shown that it exists a risk for two-phase mixtures of hydrogen and dust can explode and create a safety risk for the ITER installation. This aims to obtain the fundamental data which characterize the explosion of these mixtures and to evaluate the pressure loads they can generate. To do so, experiments in spherical bomb have been carried out for hydrogen - oxygen - nitrogen mixtures at two initial temperatures (303 and 343 K) and pressures (50 and 100 kPa) for different hydrogen concentrations and different N2/O2 ratios. Explosion parameters like maximum combustion pressures (PMAX), deflagration indexes (KG or KST), combustion times (tC), fundamental flame speeds (SL°) and Markstein lengths have been determined. A kinetic modelling of the flame speed, using the COSILAB software was performed based on three detailed kinetic models available in the literature and allowed the calculation of the global activation energy on the basis of the kinetic model which showed the best agreement with the experimental data. Moreover equilibrium calculations were achieved to compare PMAX to the theoretical values. For two-phase mixtures, a new introduction device was tested and set up and experiments characterizing the explosions parameters of the two-phase mixtures have been performed in the spherical bomb. They were able to stress out the fact that, under some circumstances, dust explosion can be concomitant to a hydrogen explosion.

This thesis focuses on the design of new high pressure injection system application on diesel engine. The design came from company Zetor’s demands. For this application was chosen system Common Rail supplied by company Bosch. Assignment was separated into several tasks. Research of suitable components for low pressure section, design of waste system and high pressure injection tubes design including injector clamping. Due to injectors used in this system was necessary to redesign cover for valves and even new system to lead wires from outside of the engine to injectors. Injector is attached by screw connection, which is composed from screw and clamping jaw. These parts are subjected to an analytic calculations. Clamping jaw of injector is even subjected to a FEM analysis, which focuses on fatigue life. Finally, the drawings were documented.