A 2 x 4 factorial design (cultural dyads x levels of cultural adaptation) is used to investigate the effect of cultural adaptation on attraction, outcomes, perceived compliment, and perceived trustworthiness when Americans sell to Japanese and Thais. This dissertation extends the research of Francis (1989, 1991) by taking into account the influence of collectivism, perceived status differential, similarity-attraction, and social identity. The curvilinear relationship found by Francis to exist between cultural adaptation and attraction when Japanese adapt to American norms and behaviors is not replicated by the experiments. Both Thai and Japanese subjects generally perceive Americans as having a higher status than themselves. They are not threatened by Americans’ adaptation to their cultural norms and practices. For Thai subjects, the relationship between cultural adaptation and attraction, outcomes, and perceived compliment appears to be monotonic positive. For Japanese subjects, the relationship reaches a plateau beyond moderate adaptation. The no adaptation condition is rated lower in perceived trustworthiness than is the substantial adaptation condition in both the Thai and the Japanese experiments, contradicting the findings of Francis. / Business, Sauder School of / Marketing, Division of / Graduate

In this thesis, the impact of United States final demand on Canadian demand and production is investigated using an interregional input-output model. First, the simple Leontief input-output model is considered. It is a disaggregated model of the production sector of an economy that allows a set of industry outputs to be expressed as a function of a corresponding set of industry final demands. It improves on other output determination models by admitting that industry outputs are interdependent. However, it requires the assumption of fixed production coefficients. Next, the extension of the model to incorporate interregional trade is considered. Several models are described that determine the industry outputs of each of a group of regions as functions of the industry final demands in all regions. A model is selected that differs from all of these, not in its essential algebraic structure, but in the method by which it is applied. In the simplified form in which it is used in this study, it requires that Canada's merchandise exports to the United States be reclassified according to the industry schemes of the Canadian and American input-output tables. The main advantage of the model over the other interregional models considered is that it allows the input-output tables of the individual regions to be used in their original form. Using the model, two questions are investigated. First, how do equal expenditures on the various components of United States final demand - Consumption, Fixed investment, Federal Government purchases, and State and local government purchases -compare in their impact on Canadian demand and output ? Second, in the period 1956 to I960, did variation in the level and pattern of United States final demand tend to aggravate fluctuations in Canadian demand, output, and net exports ? Several results are obtained. With reference to the first question, Investment expenditure is found to have considerably greater impact on Canadian demand and production than any of the other components of United States demand. The wide disparity in impact is largely explained by the concentration of Canadian exports to the United States on a few commodities. Concerning the second question, it is concluded that variations in both the level and pattern of United States final demand helped to generate fluctuations in the growth of Canadian demand and output. By contrast, the fluctuation of United States final demand tended to damp fluctuations in Canadian net exports. / Arts, Faculty of / Vancouver School of Economics / Graduate

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LD2668 .T4 1941 W71 / Master of Science

This Thesis explores the possibility of increased export and export earnings stability for Costa Rica after the implementation of the Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act (CBERA) or Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI). It was expected that this policy would not only increase trade and exports for some developing nations in the Caribbean but also promote development and economic stability. An export earnings model was calculated using the deflated export earnings to the U.S. and fitting a time trend equation by OLS to calculate the residuals. These residuals were then transformed to develop a risk or instability equation which included independent variables such as the export concentration index to reflect diversification of exports, the ratios of food, manufactures and raw materials in exports and the share of total Costa Rican exports deriving from the U.S. market. A reduced risk equation was estimated using OLS. The relative effect of the policy, measured by a dummy variable for the period 1983-1987 was estimated for each of the independent variables. The results indicate that there has been a distinct effect of the policy variable upon the diversification, manufactures, raw materials and food products exported by Costa Rica to the U.S. The increase in manufactured exports is significant, at the same time, there have been decreases in the value of traditional agricultural exports such as coffee, sugar, bananas and beef. Vegetables' and fruits' share of Costa Rican exports to the U.S. has increased noticeably. Although total export earnings for Costa Rica show negative growth during the period 1981-1983, U.S. export earnings have been consistently increasing. Export earnings from the U.S. show a significant increase as detected by the share of Costa Rican total exports earnings originating in the U.S. In 1980 less than 40% of Costa Rican export earnings came from the U.S. while in 1987 the figure is just over 60%, indicating increased dependency on this market as a source of export earnings. Export earnings instability, as measured in this research, shows statistically significant reductions after 1983 leading the author to conclude that this policy is possibly increasing trade and reducing the long term instability of Costa Rican exports to the U.S., therefore having some effect on the stability of long term development, and possibly, causing changes in the country's capability to deal with its debt and development efforts. The components of instability or risk of export earnings from the U.S. market yielded interesting insight into possible causes of these variations. Statistically significant negative signs were detected for the ratio of foods in exports and the dummy variable, indicating that reducing the share of foods in exports in this market would cause increases in risk and that the policy variable has had the consequence of reducing risk. The ratio of raw materials in exports was, as expected, of limited statistical significance although it consistency exhibited a negative sign indicating similar effects as the food exports. The manufacture ratio in exports was detected to be in general statistically significant during the trial estimations however, lacking consistency. The export concentration index was not determined to be statistically significant in causing export earnings instability in this particular case, however as with all independent variables tested, it was significantly changed after 1983. These results tend to support the original intention of the CBERA for the case of Costa Rica. Increases in exports and export earnings stability appear to have ocurred. However, the research suggest some caution in relying heavily in the U.S. market as a source of export earnings and supports the view that traditional exports bring about more stability than manufactures and raw material exports. / Graduation date: 1989

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Brandeis University, 1987. / "UMI : 8715756." Includes bibliographical references (p. 422-447).